Late Medieval period

Nation-State

A political entity characterized by a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.

Feudalism

A social and economic system prevalent in medieval Europe, arising from the need for protection and land management in response to invasions.

Common Law

A legal system established by Henry II that standardized legal practices across England.

Magna Carta

A document signed in 1215 that limited the powers of the monarchy and established legal rights for citizens.

Capetian Dynasty

The royal house established by Hugh Capet in France, which strengthened the French monarchy.

Inquisition

A judicial institution established in Spain to enforce Catholic orthodoxy, resulting in the expulsion of Jews and Muslims.

Bubonic Plague

Also known as the Black Death, it was a pandemic that significantly reduced Europe's population in the 14th century.

Crusades

A series of religious wars initiated by European Christians aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control.

Charlemagne

The Holy Roman Emperor crowned in 800 CE, known for reviving education and Roman culture.

Treaty of Verdun

The 843 agreement that divided Charlemagne's empire among his grandsons, leading to regional fragmentation.

Missi Dominici

Royal officials appointed to oversee local areas in the Frankish kingdom and ensure loyalty to the emperor.

Vikings

Scandinavian seafarers known for their exploration and settlement across Europe and into North America.