Unit 5: Lecture 5 (Finish Layers of Neck Viscera & Deep Face)

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, suited for air filtration and

humidification.

What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

Nasopharynx

What part of the pharynx includes the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), the opening of the pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube, and the torus tubarius?

Torus tubarius

What is the mucosal elevation in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, formed by the underlying cartilaginous end of the pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tube?

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

Hypertrophy of the ____ ____ (____) can obstruct nasal airflow and contribute to chronic mouth breathing or otitis media in children.

Stratified squamous epithelium to withstand mechanical stress from food.

What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx?

Oropharynx

What part of the pharynx includes the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils?

Palatine tonsils

What tonsils are frequently involved in acute or chronic tonsillitis, especially in children? Infection may be viral or bacterial (e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes), leading to sore throat, fever, dysphagia, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes.

Palatine tonsils

Recurrent infection or hypertrophy of what tonsils may lead to tonsillectomy, a common ear, nose, and throat (ENT) procedure? This is particularly relevant in pediatric care and speech-swallowing pathologies.

Stratified squamous epithelium

What type of epithelium lines the laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)?

Laryngopharynx

What part of the pharynx includes the piriform recess, a paired mucosal depression, flanking either side of the laryngeal inlet?

Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

What are the 3 external muscles of the pharynx?

Constricts wall of pharynx during swallowing

What action do all the pharyngeal constrictor muscles perform?

Stylopharyngeus, salpingopharynx, and palatopharyngeus

What are the 3 internal muscles of the pharynx?

Stylopharyngeus

What muscle elevates the pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking?

Salphopharyngeus

What muscle elevates pharynx and opens auditory tube during swallowing?

Formed by the hard palate, composed of the palatine processes of the maxillae (anteriorly) and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones (posteriorly).

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

Formed by the nasal bones, frontal bone, cribriform plate of ethmoid, and sphenoid body.

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

Includes the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae, and adjacent paranasal sinuses such as the maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses.

What forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

Formed by the nasal septum, which consists of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer bone, and septal cartilage.

What forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing goblet cells (respiratory epithelium)

What type of epithelium lines 90-95% of the nasal cavity?

Olfactory epithelium

5-10% of the nasal cavity, including the superior nasal concha and roof, is lined with what type of epithelium?

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries, sphenopalatine artery, greater palatine artery, and superior labial artery.

What arteries supply the nasal cavity?

Kiesselbach's plexus

What is the most common site of anterior epistaxis (nosebleeds), particularly in dry or irritated nasal mucosa?

Lighten the skull by reducing bone mass, contribute to voice resonance by acting as sound chambers, warm and humidify inhaled air via mucosal surfaces, and participates in mucociliary clearance and sinus drainage.

What are the functions of the paranasal sinus?

Superior meatus

What do the ethmoidal sinuses drain into?

Middle meatus

What do the frontal and maxillary sinuses drain into?

Sphenoethmoidal recess

What do the sphenoidal sinuses drain into?

Inferior meatus

What does the nasolacrimal duct drain tears from the orbit into?

Maxillary

Obstruction of sinus drainage, particularly in the _____ sinuses which drain against gravity into the middl meatus, predisposes patients to recurrent sinusitis. This is clinically relevant in patients with facial trauma, anatomical variations (e.g., septal deviation), or chronic inflammatory diseases.

Hard palate (anteriorly) and soft palate (posteriorly)

What forms the roof of the oral cavity?

Formed by the hard palate (anteriorly) and soft palate (posteriorly)

What forms the floor of the oral cavity?

Hard palate

What consists of the palatine processes of the maxillae and horizontal plates of the palatine bones?

Soft palate

What is a muscular extension that terminates in the uvula and plays a key role in sealing the nasopharynx during swallowing?

Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

What are the two mucosal folds of the deep face?

Palatine tonsil

What is located in the tonsillar fossa between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches, the palatine tonsil is part of the lymphatic system and contributes to immune surveillance of the upper aerodigestive tract?

Palatine

Recurrent _____ tonsil inflammation (tonsillitis) can obstruct the oropharynx, impairing speech and swallowing. In chronic cases, tonsillectomy may be considered.

Genioglossus

What muscle depresses the tongue and the posterior part protrudes the tongue?

Hyoglossus

What muscle depresses the tongue and draws its sides inferiorly?

Styloglossus

What muscle retracts the tongue and curls (elevates) its sides?

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

What nerve innervates all the tongue muscles except for palatoglossus?

Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus

What are the four external tongue muscles?

Palatoglossus

What muscle elevates the posterior part of the the tongue?

Secondary lymphoid tissue or mucus associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

What type of tissue are tonsils?

Superior longitudinal muscle

What internal tongue muscle curls the tongue superiorly?

Inferior longitudinal muscle

What internal tongue muscle curls the tongue inferiorly?

Transverse muscle

What internal tongue muscle narrows and elongates the tongue?

Vertical muscle

What internal tongue muscle flattens and broadens the tongue?

Pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube

What tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

Palatoglossus

What is the only tongue muscle that is innervated by CN X (Vagus) rather than CN XII (Hypoglossal)?

Lingual artery from the external carotid artery

What artery supplies the tongue?

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

What nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus?

CN X (Vagus)

What nerve innervates the internal muscles of the pharynx (palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus) except for stylopharyngeus?

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, vomer bone, and septal cartilage

What makes up the nasal septum?

It is humidified, warmed, and cleansed

What happens to air as it makes its way though the nasal cavity?