COMPS Counseling & Helping Relationships Part 1

What is conversion/reparative therapy?

An approach intended to change a person in the LGBTQ community to heterosexuality.

What is the goal of crisis intervention/counseling?

To return the person to their level of functioning before the crisis or tragedy.

Who is the father of psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud.

Who is the father of Individual Psychology?

Alfred Adler.

Who founded Analytic Psychology?

Carl Jung.

Who is associated with the “talking cure” and catharsis?

Josef Breuer.

Who is associated with the impact of Freudian theory on career choice?

A. A. Brill.

Who was a major figure in the existential counseling movement?

Rollo May.

What are Freud's three components of personality?

Id, ego, and superego.

What principle governs the id?

The pleasure principle.

What principle governs the ego?

The reality principle.

What does the superego contain?

The ego ideal, along with values, morals, and ideals learned from parents, caregivers, and society.

Which part of personality is present at birth and never matures?

The id.

What is the ego's primary role?

It acts as the mediator/executive administrator, balancing the demands of the id and superego.

What are Eros and Thanatos?

Eros = life/self-preservation. Thanatos = death/death instinct.

A client engaging in self-destructive behavior would be primarily ruled by what Freudian instinct?

Thanatos.

What are the three levels in Freud's topographical theory?

Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.

What is the conscious mind?

What we are currently aware of.

What is the preconscious mind?

Material that can be brought into awareness with relatively little difficulty.

What is the unconscious mind?

Hidden material normally outside the person's awareness.

What did Freud consider his most important contribution?

His conceptualization of the unconscious mind.

What is parapraxis?

A Freudian slip or slip of the tongue.

What is free association?

Instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind without censoring it.

What is transference?

The client transfers/displaces feelings originally associated with a significant person onto the counselor.

What is countertransference?

The counselor projects personal feelings or past experiences onto the client, interfering with objectivity.

What is resistance?

The client's tendency to fight against or inhibit the therapeutic process.

What is insight?

Becoming aware of something previously unknown; an “aha, now I understand” experience.

What is interpretation?

Helping the client become aware of deeper/unconscious meanings and processes.

What are catharsis and abreaction?

Releasing or purging emotions by talking about difficulties; abreaction may refer to a particularly powerful release of repressed emotion.

What was Freud's influential 1900 work?

The Interpretation of Dreams.

What is manifest content?

The surface meaning of a dream.

What is latent content?

The hidden meaning of a dream.

What is the Oedipus complex?

Freud's concept that a child's libido is directed toward the opposite-sex parent.

How is the Oedipus complex resolved according to Freud?

Through identification with the same-sex parent, contributing to development of the superego.

What is the female version called in the notes?

The Electra complex.

What is described as the most controversial aspect of Freud's theory?

The Oedipus complex.

What are ego defense mechanisms?

Unconscious strategies that deny or distort reality to protect the person from anxiety.

What is Freud's most important defense mechanism?

Repression.

What is repression?

Unconsciously/involuntarily blocking threatening material from awareness.

What is suppression?

Consciously choosing not to think about something.

What is reaction formation?

Behaving in the opposite manner from an unacceptable impulse.

What is sublimation?

Expressing an unacceptable unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way.

What is rationalization?

Creating an intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings or justify behavior.

What is displacement?

Redirecting an impulse or emotion toward a safer target.

What is projection?

Attributing one's own unacceptable qualities or impulses to another person.

What is compensation?

Developing or overdeveloping a strength to compensate for a perceived limitation.

What is identification?

Identifying with a successful person, group, or cause in hopes of feeling or being perceived as successful.

What is introjection?

Internalizing another person's values as one's own.

What is denial?

Refusing to face or acknowledge reality.

What is “sour grapes” rationalization?

Underrating something you wanted but did not get—“I didn't really want it anyway.”

What is “sweet lemon” rationalization?

Overrating an undesirable situation to make it seem better.

Who was Anna O.?

A landmark case considered the first psychoanalytic patient; she experienced symptoms without an organic basis, then called hysteria.

What does Little Hans represent?

A famous case reflecting psychoanalytic explanations of behavior.

What does Little Albert represent?

The behaviorist paradigm and the idea that fears can be learned.

Who conducted the Little Albert experiment?

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner.

What did the Little Albert experiment demonstrate?

Phobic/fear responses can be learned through conditioning.

Who demonstrated that learned phobias could also be treated through learning?

Mary Cover Jones.

Who was Daniel Paul Schreber?

A frequently cited psychiatric case whose major delusion involved being transformed into a woman and becoming God's mate.

Who founded Individual Psychology?

Alfred Adler.

What is organ inferiority?

A perceived physical limitation or weakness that a person may attempt to compensate for.

According to Adler, what major psychological goal motivates people?

Escaping deep-seated feelings of inferiority.

What drive did Adler emphasize?

The drive for superiority.

Does Adler's “striving for superiority” mean dominating other people?

No. It refers to striving for growth/perfection rather than political or interpersonal domination.

What three concepts are especially associated with Adler?

Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation.

What is lifestyle in Adlerian theory?

A predictable, self-fulfilling pattern based on psychological feelings about oneself.

What is social connectedness in Adlerian theory?

The human desire to belong.

What did Adler believe about sibling relationships?

Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction.

How might Adler describe firstborn children?

Often conservative and displaying leadership qualities, with possible feelings of inferiority after being “dethroned” by a younger sibling.

What teaching methods are associated with Adlerians?

They tend to be didactic and use homework assignments.

Who introduced Adlerian principles into school-based treatment of children?

Rudolph Dreikurs.

What was Dreikurs also among the first to discuss?

The use of group therapy in private practice.

Who founded analytic psychology?

Carl G. Jung.

What are introversion and extroversion?

Introversion: satisfaction/energy is directed inward. Extroversion: satisfaction is sought externally and through other people.

What popular personality assessment is based on Jung's work?

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

What four bipolar scales are used in the MBTI?

Extraversion–Introversion, Sensing–Intuition, Thinking–Feeling, and Judging–Perceiving.

What is Jung's collective unconscious?

Universal, inherited unconscious patterns shared by humans.

What are archetypes?

Universal/primal symbols contained in the collective unconscious.

What is the persona?

The mask or role presented to others.

What is the shadow?

The unconscious “dark side” containing qualities the individual refuses to acknowledge.

What is the anima?

The feminine side of a man.

What is the animus?

The masculine side of a woman.

What is individuation?

Jung's concept of moving toward self-fulfillment/integration.

What is a mandala?

A balanced circular drawing/symbol Jung used in work with himself, clients, and dreams; associated with self-unification.

What is eidetic imagery?

The ability to remember minute details of a scene or picture for an extended period, usually diminishing by adolescence.

Who is associated with classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov.

Who is associated with operant conditioning?

B. F. Skinner.

What is another name for operant conditioning?

Instrumental learning.

What is respondent behavior?

Reflexive behavior, associated with Pavlov/classical conditioning.

What is operant behavior?

Behavior influenced by its consequences.

Who developed the Law of Effect?

Edward Thorndike.

What is the Law of Effect?

Responses followed by satisfaction tend to be repeated, while responses followed by unpleasant consequences tend to be eliminated.

What is the acquisition period?

The amount of time required to learn/acquire a behavior.

In Pavlov's experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

Meat/food.

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

The bell.

What is an easy way to distinguish conditioned from unconditioned?

Conditioned = learned. Unconditioned = unlearned.

What is the ideal interval between the CS and UCS according to the notes?

Approximately 0.5 seconds.

What is delay conditioning?

The CS continues until the UCS occurs.

What is trace conditioning?

The CS terminates before the UCS begins.

What is backward conditioning?

Presenting the UCS before the CS; generally ineffective.

What is simultaneous conditioning?

Presenting the CS and UCS at the same time; the notes state conditioning generally will not occur.