GEOG FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Human interaction

the communication and interdependencies between people

Spatial interaction

identify the locations that are interacting

Distance decay

the exponential decline of an activity or a function with increasing distance from its point of origin

Critical distance

the distance beyond which cost, effort, and/or means play an overriding role in the willingness of people to travel

Friction of distance

distance reduced interaction

Territoriality

the persistent attachment of most animals to a specific area; the behavior associated with the defense of the home territory

Activity space

the area within which people move freely on heir rounds of regular activity

Spatial diffusion

the outward spread of something from its point of origin to other areas

Contagious diffusion

the spread from one area to others through contact and/or the exchange of information

Hierarchical diffusion

the process by which contacts between people and the resulting diffusion occurs

Size of interdependent population
Distance between them

Factors and influences of spatial interaction

Distance decay

decline of an activity because of the distance from their location

Critical distance

the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means play an overriding role in the willingness of people to travel

Age
Mobility
Opportunity
Interests
Demands
Mood

Friction of distance examples

There is more human interaction at short distances
Large cities have more face-to-face communication and centers of innovation
Further distances rely on news phone, and internet

What is the influence of big cities on instances of interaction?

contagious diffusion

the spread from one area to others through contact and/or the exchange of information

hierarchical diffusion

the process by which contacts between people and the resulting diffusion occurs

Contagious diffusion spreads because of proximity and hierarchical diffusion occurs in step from more innovative to people who are slow to adapt

difference between contagious and hierarchial diffusion

Intercontinental migration

movement across continents

Interregional migration

movement from one region to another

Intercontinental and interregional migration both include movements between countries and within countries due to individual and group assessments of improved economic prospects

similarities of intercontinental and interregional migration

Forced migration

forcibly induced movements of refugees and internationally displaced people

Involuntary migration

people who move because of kidnapping, trafficking for the purpose of international labor. Usually forced to move by organized persecution government pressure

Reluctant migration

uproots including refugees internally displaced persons and migrants

Push factors

negative home conditions that impel the decision to migrate

Lack of jobs
Poverty
Famine
War
Natural disasters

exmples of push factors

Food
Safety
Job opportunities
Lower taxes
More room

example of pull factors

Physical barriers

travel including seas, swamps deserts and natural features

Economic barriers

cost of both travel and establishing a residence elsewhere

Cultural factors

family, religious, and community relationships defy the principle of different opportunities

Channelized migration

areas are socially and economically tied to one another by past migration patterns, economic trade considerations, or some other affinity

Return migration

countermigration or the return of migrants to the regions from which they had earlier migrated

State

independent political unit occupying a defined and permanently populated territory and having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs

Nation

group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by strong sense of unity from shared beliefs and customs

Nation-state

a state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation or people

It does not have an established government nor permanent population

Why is Antarctica not considered a state?

European colonization influences borders and ethnic division by imposing their arbitrary new administrative divisions of the land. This meant the new divisions were not usually based on meaningful cultural or physical lines. Instead, the boundaries simply represented the limits of the colonizing empire’s power

How did European colonization influence borders and ethnic division in Africa, Asia, and the Americas?

Natural (physical) boundaries

recognizable physiographic features such as mountains, rivers, and lakes

Artificial (geometric) boundaries

sections of parallels of latitude or meridians of longitude

Antecedent boundary

drawn across an area before it is well populated and before cultural landscapes exist

Subsequent boundary

boundaries drawn after the development of the cultural landscape

Consequent (ethnographic) boundary

a border drawn to accommodate existing religions, linguistic, ethnic, or economic differences between countries

Superimposed boundary

forced up existing cultural landscapes, a country or a people by conquering or colonizing power that is unconcerned about pre existing cultural patterns

Nationalism

An identification with he state and the acceptance of national goals

india pakistan border

They use it to understand what factors make some regions extremely productive or some enterprises successful and others not.

purpose of economic geography

Primary

those that harvest or extract something from the earth

Agriculture
Gathering industries
Extractive industries

primary examples

Secondary

those that add value to materials by changing their form or combining them into more useful and therefore more valuable commodities

Manufacturing
Processing
Construction
Power production

secondary examples

Tertiary

consist of those business and labor specializations that provide services to the general community and to the individual

Wholesale and retail trade
Transportation and communication services
Business services
Finance, insurance, real estate
Accounting, advertising, architecture, engineering, legal services
Consumer services
Eating and drinking establishments, personal services, tourism
Education, fire protection, health care, nonprofit organizations, police

tertiary examples

Developing countries

tech advanced, many people in manufacturing and services, per capita income is high, education and life expectancy are high

USA

example of developing countries

Developed countries

less technologically advanced and have higher percentage of farmers, per capita income is low and so are literacy rates and life expectancy

GNI

measures the total domestic and foreign value added all of goods and services claimed by residents of a country during a year

PPP

purchasing power parity- takes account of variations in prices, between countries

Informal economy

Composed of activities that are unlicensed, lack of formal contracts, and generate unreported earnings

Extensive- involves large areas of land and minimal labor input per hectare, such as wheat farming. Both product per land unit and population densities are low

Nomadic herding and shifting cultivation

example of extensive agriculture

Intensive

involves the cultivation of small land holdings through the expenditure of great amounts of labor per acre, such as rice farming. Yields per units and population densities are both high

Color, temperature, and solubility

examples of intensive agriculture

Megacity

a very large city, typically one with a population of over ten million people

Urban agglomeration

an extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area

Tokyo, Japan
Delhi, India
Shanghai, China
São Paulo, Brazil
Mexico City, Mexico

What are the five largest urban agglomerations as of 2020?

Los Angeles and New York

In the U.S. what are the only two urban agglomerations with 10-15 million people?

Los Angeles

What is the only urban agglomeration in the western U.S.?

83%

What percentage of North America is urban as of 2020?

Industrialization fosters urbanization
People flee impoverished areas- move from urban to rural

What are the two main causes of urbanization?

Favelas

Also known as shantytowns which are a deprived area on the outskirts of a town consisting of large numbers of crude dwellings, have different names across the world

highest homeless population in the US of more than 150,000 and contains 5,000 of homeless people

what is skid row?

They are nucleated, nonagricultural settlements

What is the common characteristic of urban areas?

Urbanized area

A landscape built up by landscape, defined by building and population densities with no reference to political boundaries. It may contain a central city and many contiguous cities, towns, suburbs, and other urban tracts

metropolitan areas

a large-scale functional entity, perhaps containing several urbanized areas, discontinuously built up but nonetheless operating as an integrated economic whole

commerce, cultural and recreational activities, transport and communication, manufacturing and administration

What are the main functions of urban areas?

Central place theory

Explains the size and location of settlements. In any given region there can only be one large central city, which is surrounded by a series of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets

Urban influence zone

the areas outside of a city that are still affected by it

Distance decay

as the distance from a city increases, the city’s influence on the surrounding countryside decreases

Basic sector

an urban area’s economic structure is made up of the activities of people that bring in money from outside the community. Engaged in export activities

Non Basic sector

involves goods and services produced for residents of the urban area itself

cities grow because the government provides jobs.

what happens once a government is established?

Ranking of cities is based on size and functional complexity
From the bottom to the top-Increase in size of settlement the higher the population and more services as well as decrease in frequency

how is urban hierarchy ranked ?

Usually the capital city and a center of wealth and power
Western europe: centers around royal court

Primate cities are where and in what regions

Developing

centered around colonial centers

New york and London

example of world cities

Walkable
Mass transit
Car

What are the three transportation networks in cities?

Highway systems
Accessibility
Price

What influenced the massive urban sprawl (cars, its cars)

Gentrification is the process by which middle and high income groups begin to go into lower income populations housing environments to buy and renovate homes. Portland is an example of this because the area was a low income environment. Well when higher class people began to buy and renovate homes in that area it forced a lot of the lower income people out of their homes because they were bought out or their rent went up so much they had to leave.

We are now seeing a trend in people moving back to the CBD and how that leads to cases of gentrification.

Economic geography

the study of how people earn their living, how livelihood systems vary from place to place, and how economic activities are spatially interrelated and linked

Raising ones own food, bartering, home sewing business, waste picking, sex work, shoe shining and forms of street vending

examples of an informal economy

For the government, it loses tax revenues that could fund schools, road improvements, and other public services

issues of an Informal economy

brazil

where are Favelas?

dangerous construction and lack of plumbing

issues of favelas?

Los angeles

where is skid row?

primate cities

A country's leading city, much larger and functionally more complex than any other

World Cities

One of a smaller number of interconnected internationally dominant centers that together control the global systems of finance and commerce