BIO 116 Ch 3 Cell Structure and Function

Enzyme

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Active site

binds to the SUBSTRATES

Substrate

reactant

diffusion

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Hypertonic

has a higher solute concentration than the solution on the other side of the membrane

Hypotonic

has a lower solute concentration than the solution on the other side of the membrane

Isotonic

that two solutions have equal solute concentrations

Explain Cell theory

1. A cell is the basic unit of life

2. all living things are made up of cells

3. new cells arise from preexisting cells

What is the nucleus

protect the cells DNA

A nuclear envelope encloses the DNA, Nuclear pores allow passage of small molecules, ribosomal subunits, RNA, and proteins, contains a nucleolus

What is Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Folding and processing of some proteins

What is Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Vary with cell types

makes lipids, builds vesicles, hormone manufacture, detoxifies cells

Galgi apparatus

Processes proteins and lipids

Sorts and ships proteins to their locations

Ribosomes

To build proteins

Ribosomal RNA combined with protein

Lysosomes

Digest foreign materials and old organelles

Vesicles filled with acid and digestive enzymes

Mitochondria

To produce energy (ATP) for the cell

Inner and outer membranes

Plasma Membrane components

1. Phospholipid Bilayer

2. Channel proteins allow certain molecules through

3. Glycocalyx attach to lipids and proteins for ID

4. Cholesterol adds structure

Phospholipid structure

Prevents large molecules from crossing the membrane

Phospholipid head is ____

POLAR

Phospholipid tail is ____

NONPOLAR

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

To contain the cell’s contents (cytoplasm, organelles)

To prevent substances from entering the cell

What are the hydrophilic regions of the membrane?

Hydrophilic POLAR head (Like water)

What are the hydrophobic regions of the membrane?

Hydrophobic NONPOLAR head (Don’t like water)

What kinds of molecules can cross the membrane?

small and non polar, simple diffusion

Cytoskeleton functions

Maintains the cell’s shape, transport of materials, junctions: hold cells together, movement

Flagella vs. Cilia

Flagella propels the cell | Human ciliated cells in trachea move mucus

Function of enzyme

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

aerobic metabolism

glucose is broken down into CO2, H2O, and ATP

***Requires oxygen

anaerobic metabolism

Glucose is broken down into lactic acid, and very little ATP is generated

***Takes place in the absence of oxygen

Cellular Respiration: Reactant

Acetyl CoA (modified pyruvate)

Cellular Respiration: Products

CO2 (what we exhale), ATP

What are the three steps of cellular respiration

1. Glycolysis (cytoplasm)

2. Citric Acid Cycle (mitochondria)

3. Electron Transport Chain (electron carrier molecules)

What is the cell’s energy molecule

energy from cellular respiration used to make ATP - ATP - Energy from ATP breakdown and used for metabolic work

Fermentation uses ____

yeast