Kinesiology Notes and Vocab. - Unit 2 p.1

Exoskeleton

The skeletal structure is outside the body

Endoskeleton

Skeletal structure is on the inside of the body

Bone is living tissue that is able to regenerate when broken.

What is bone?

1. Begin as cartilage

2. Calcification that allows for the hardening of bones

3. Ossification; officially a bone

How are bones formed?

There are 206 bones in the body!

• ~300 at birth, later fused together

How many bones do we have in the body?

Cartilage

Flexible, connective tissue that is found at the ends of bones or joints

• protect and help with movement

relating to a limb or limbs [appendage(s)]

Appendicular (126 bones)

the central core of the human body—vertical axis

Axial (80 bones)

1. Support/structure

2. Protect (vital organs/structures)

3. Storage (calcium, minerals, fat)

4. RBC/WBC production

5. Movement (skeletal muscles support)

what are the five functions of the skeletal system?

1. Calcium carbonate (26%)

2. Calcium phosphate (26%)

3. collagen (20%)

4. water (40%)

5. fat (4%)

What is bone composed of?

Compact tissue (cortical)

hard outer tissue of a bone

Cancellous tissue (spongy)

Spongy, holey tissue inside of a bone

Subchondral Tissue

Smooth tissue at the ends of bones, covered by cartilage

Osteoblast Bone Cell

Cells that make and repair bone(s).

Osteocyte Bone Cell

Cells that maintain bone structure, mass, and regulate bone remodeling.

Osteoclast Bone Cell

A cell that breaks down bone/bone tissue

• Important for maintenance, repair, and remodeling of bones

Osteogenic Bone Cell

Stem cells that create bone tissue

• Used for bone growth and repair

Long

A cylinder shape, longer than wide

• 90 bones in the body

  

Short

A cube-like shape where its length and width are closer than they are in long bones.

• 28 short bones

  

Flat

Covered and thin flat surfaces for muscles to attach to

• 36 flat bones

Irregular

Oddly shaped bones (I-shaped)

• 48 irregular bones

Sesamoid

Roundish, sesame-shaped bone typically around a joint or tendon.

• 4 sesamoid bones

Epiphysis

The proximal/distal of a bone

Diaphysis

The shaft of the bone—made of cortical bone and contains bone marrow and fat

Articular Cartilage

Provides a lubricated surface for articulation and movement

Spongy Bone Red Marrow

Consists of plates and bars and contains red bone marrow. (RBC/WBC)

Epipthyseal growth plate

An area near the ends of long bones made up of cartilage that allows bone growth

medullary cavity

Hollow part of bone that contains yellow bone marrow and stores fat.

Periosteum

A thin layer of connective tissue lining the outer surface of a bone except at the joints

-has nociceptive nerve endigs

Endosteum

The membrane lining the inner surface of the bony wall

Joint

A point of connection between two or more bones.

Ligaments

Connective tissues that connect bone-to-bones

Tendon

Fibrous tissues at the ends of muscles that connect muscle-to-bone

Fibrous Joint (Synarthoses)

No movement; skull, teeth

Cartilaginous Joint (Amphiarthroses)

Partial/limited movement; spine, frontal, ribcage

Synovial Joint (Diarthroses)

Full movement; shoulder, knee

Hinge

Extension/Flexion movements—knees, fingers, elbows, toes

Pivot

Limited external/internal or pronation/supination rotational movements—neck joints

Plane

Gliding movement—wrists, ankle, vertebral

Ellipsoid

flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and circumduction—wrist, ankle, fingers

Saddle

Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction—thumb and heel

Ball + Socket

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and medial/lateral rotation—hip/shoulders