Criminology Exam Prep ( Section B )

What does the aetiology of sexual offending refer to?

The causes or origins of deviant sexual behavior.

What does it mean with regards to Low Self esteem.

Usually a main contributing factor to sexual offences, may hamper their their progress in reform centre’s. Can be a reaction to being caught or stigmatized.

What are the Individual factors that effect sexual offenders

Low self-esteem, empathy deficit.

Where do empathy deficits come from.

Childhood attachment insecurity. Adolescent’s failure to develop intimate relationships.

What happens when a sexual offender has an empathy deficit.

They do not feel remorse or have compassion for the victims. Deny or excuse themselves from the situation to try and distance themselves from their actions.

What are the two types of sexual offenders.

Deniers and admitters.

What are the common justifications a denier uses to blame their victim.

The victim seduced them, Women who say no, actually mean yes, Most women eventually enjoy the sexual interaction and relax after a while, Good girls do not become victims of rape, The victim was not harmed physically, so the act was a minor transgression, victim, did not resist and actually wanted to have sexual intercourse, Just-world hypothesis

What inadequate social skills makes offenders commit sexual crimes.

The offender’s inability to form appropriate relationships

What situations for Young Males in south africa lead to inadequate social skills.

Those who grow up in adverse situations and in a situation
where primary role-models with healthy balanced gender identities are absent.

What does a lack of inadequate social skills and growing up in a negative enviroment lead the offenders to think about women.

It leads to an absence of realisation that females have
exactly the same rights

What do sex offenders with inadequate social skills showcase.

Display social anxiety, aggression and under-assertiveness and a lack of empathy towards others.

What makes a person more likely to sexually offend.

Having experienced prior sexual assault themselves and sexual victimization

What main psychological element is removed when a person is affected by childhood victimization.

They may not be aware of the harmful effects of their behaviour and may not recognise their actions as deviant

What increases the likelihood of a child becoming a sexual offender.

When there is violence involved in their sexual acts as a child.

What are the community factors.

Culture of violence, Use of substances. Pornography.

What main issue does a culture of violence create.

Leads the offender to believe that violence is the correct avenue for disputes to be solved. The anger and violence are the natural extension of intimate relationships.

What does the use of substances contribute to sexual offenders.

The rate of substance abuse reported among sex offenders is three to four times higher compared to the community sample of non-delinquent youth.

Which youth group is most likely to abuse substances.

the use of substances occurred more frequently among youth offenders who committed non-sexual offences than among youth sex offenders

What happens to consent when the victim is under the influence of drugs or other impairing substances.

It is stated in the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 that, among other things, consent is absent where the victim was under the influence of substances that led to an altered state of consciousness

Is the offender held liable even if they are under the effect of substances at the time.

The victim is deemed unable to have been in a position to consent, but the offenders are expected to take full responsibility for their actions, despite being under the influence of a substance as well

What are the four main reasons people choose to view pornography.

Maintaining relationships, Mood management (to alleviate depression or boredom), Habitual use (some view it as a hobby)
Means to satisfy sexual fantasies

What are the three factors that bolster the effect that pornography has on an individual and their tendencies to commit sexual offences.

The person must have attitudes supportive of sexual offending
The person must have a lack of or low self-control
The person must have been exposed to the norms and supports these norms about sexual encounters as it is portrayed in pornography

What is an important thing to note about the bodies reaction during a rape?

Males will get an erection and females will get vaginal lubrication. This is an involuntary physiological response and not an indication to consent.

What is corrective rape?

Refers to where a man rapes a lesbian women in order to cure or correct her sexual orientation.

What is the number of women subjected to corrective rape each year in south africa?

500

What are the first 5 ways which gender roles influence victimization of males

Denial of victim status, fear of shame, not believed, misunderstood physiological response, secondary victimization.

What is Secondary victimization in the case of males and rape.

Male victims face bias from the CJS, professionals and communities.

What are the last 5 factors that effect the victimization of males.

Fear of the victim label, feelings of powerlessness, social expectations, aggression post-assault, downplaying trauma.

How does the interactions with the CJS effect victims reporting of Rape.

Under reporting - previous actions with the CJS discourage disclosure, fear of not being believed, shame, humiliation and embarrassment. Physical access difficulties, low confidence in CJS, fear of retaliation.

What legislation is there to help combat rape in South Africa?

The Victim Empowerment Service (VES) - SAPS initiative.

What is the goal of VES.

Protect victims' dignity and rights, empower them, and prevent secondary victimisation
from poor CJS handling.

What other legal foundations are there to support victims of Rape.

South African Constitution, Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998, Protection from Harassment Act 17 of 2011, Sexual Offences Amendment Act 32 of 2007.

What factors make the perpetrator get life sentence for rape?

Grievous bodily harm, raped several times, raped by multiple people, the perpetrator had previous convictions of rape/sexual assault, the perpetrator knew that their HIV-status was positive, the victim was younger than 16 years old, the victim is handicapped or mentally il.

What is a property crime.

Stealing of cable and aluminum.

What are the characteristic of an opportunistic cable thief.

Addicted to drugs ( steal to continue habit ), kamikazes, unemployed, collecting scrap for substances purposes, repeat offenders.

What are the characteristic of an Organized criminal group of cable thief’s.

Well equipped with industrial tools, organize themselves ( Metal spotters, cutters or transporters. ) Informal training centre, steal long section of cable and first cut electricity.

What happens to the cables?

They arn’t always just sold for scrap but sometimes melted in rural area’s made into ingots and sold overseas.

What are the role-players in a cable theft.

1: Cutter/thieves 2: Bucket shops, 3: recruiters/facilitators/distributors 4: Exporters/scrap metal dealers receiving the copper 5: Transnational facilitators.

What are the factors that are increasing the rate at which non-ferrous metals are being stolen.

Immigration to South Africa, Unemployment increase, involvement in criminal syndicates, demand for copper and aluminium, light sentences for this type of activity.

What is a commercial crime?

All types of fraud, forgery, misappropriation and embezzlement.

What is a ponzi scheme?

Investors are led to believe that should they invest capital in the scheme, they will enjoy higher that normal rates of return and a a later stage receive a lump sum payment.

What is a pyramid scheme.

Investors are promised a large profit for a small investment within a short period
of time. Pay a joining fee and recruit others.

What is the job of agents in a pyramid scheme.

Investors pay agents who then pay those higher up above them.

What is the major difference between a ponzi scheme and a pyramid scheme.

The ponzi scheme the investor plays no part whereas the pyramid scheme the investor pays an active role.

What is a lottery scam?

Victims are told they have won a foreign lottery, to claim they must submit their bank details.

What is an inheritance scam?

The victims receive an email form an “official or bank” to access the fund the victims must pay “fees” or taxes.

What is a black Doller scam ( wash-wash scams?)

Victims are told black-dyed banknotes need special chemicals to clean. They are promised a fortune if they help, pay for the chemicals and then the scammers disappear.

What three groups do AFF scam target in South Africa.

SA business people, Organizations based overseas, ordinary south African citizen.

When is a crime considered transnational.

It is committed in multiple states/nations. A substantial period of planning took place in another nations, criminal group engaged in activities in other nations, has substantial effects on other nations.

What is the minimum requirement for a group to be considered organized?

At least 6 of the criteria including the first four on the SAPS list.

What are the criteria that SAPS hold to declare criminals organized.

Three or more people, involves serious criminal offence, commit over a prolonged period, crime is for profit or power, the group is structured (hierarchy), division of labour within the group, leaders have disciplinary control, money laundering, exert influence on politics, media, public administration, authorizes, group defies borders .

What are the four classes of hierarchical structures.

Criminal elite, middlemen, Semi-skilled, unskilled members.

What are Nigerian criminal networks most known for?

AFF, drug trafficking, kidnapping, money laundering, fraudulent marriages, credit card fraud.

What is the pakistani mafia famous for.

Extortion, kidnapping businessmen, operating sweatshop factories.

What makes the Chinese traids so special?

The oldest and most secretive criminal organizations, partake in the rhino trade.

What is the definition of money laundering?

process of disguising or concealing illicit origins of money or property derived from criminal activities. As the term laundering suggests it is the cleaning of dirty money.

What are the stages of money laundering?

Placement, Layering, Integration.

What happens in the Placement stage of money laundering?

Move the money into the financial system, i.e deposit into a band or buy assets.

What happens in the layering stage of money laundering.

Complicated transactions to hide the sources of the money. Wire transfers.

What happens in the integration stage of money laundering.

Money re-enters the legal economy.

What are the reasons for money laundering.

Money must be untraceable for future criminal activities.