Unit 1

anatomy means

structure, where it is located/ what does it look like

Physiology

how does it work, functions of the human body

principle of complementary of structure and function

the structure of organs are parts of the human body determine the function

structure dictates functions

they are interdependent

example of principle of complementary of stucture and function

anatomy of hand causes the grip function to work

anatomy of the ear allows sound waves the function to work

levels of organization

atom>molecule>macromolecule>cell>tissue>Organ>organ system>organism

subatomic particles

within atoms

protons, neutrons and electrons that make up atoms

atom

tiny particles that make up elements

hydrogen

carbon

molecule

particles consisting of atoms joined together

water, glucose

macromolecule

large particles consisting of molecules

DNA, protein

organelle

functional part of a cell

mitochondrion, lysosome

tissue

layer of mass cells with specific function

adipose or epithelial tissue

organ

group of different tissues with a function

heart, kidney, stomach

organ system

group of organs with common function

skeletal system

organism

composed of interacting organ system

human

integumentary

protection

skeletal

structure/ protection

muscular system

movement

nervous system

control center/ processing

endocrine system

hormones

digestive

breaking down food/nutrients in body

respiratory system

breathing, talking

urinary system

liquid waste removal

cardiovascular system

transportation of blood

lymphatic system

immune responce

recycle fluid

reproductive

create off spring

carry off spring

support and movement

skeletal + muscular

integration, coordination + responsiveness

nervous + endocrine

transportation

cardiovascular + lymphatic

absorption + excreation

digestive, integumentary, urinary, respiratory

growth, development + reproductive

endocrine, reproductive

what are the requirements of life

water

nutrients

oxygen

heat

pressure

maintenance of boundariesw

metabolism

homeostasis

water

most abundant substance in the body

provides a fluid environment for metabolic processes (intracellular and extracellular fluids)

required for transport of substances

regulation of body temperature

food

nutrients ingested from our diet used by our cells

oxygen

used by our cells to produce energy

intracellular fluid

cytosol (in cells)

extracellular fluid

plasma

interstitial

cerebrospinal fluid

and more

heat

ranges suitable for chemical reactions

helps maintain body temperature

partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

pressure

atmospheric pressure from the enviorment

application of force on an object

atmospheric pressure

important for breathing

hydrostatic pressure

keeps blood flowing

maintenance of boundaries

separating internal and external environments and fluid compartments

allows regulation of what materials are or go where and when

metabolism

all chemical reactions that sustain the body

homeostasis

maintaining a relatively constant internal environment for optimal operations

dynamic state of equilibrium balance- not static

feedback mechanisms

systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed

parts of a feed back mechanism

receptor

control center

effector

receptor

detects and provides information about the stimuli

control center

decision maker that maintains the set point

effector

muscle or glans that respond to the control center

casue the necessary change in the internal environment

negative feed back loop

most common

reverses or diminishes the effect of a stimulus to return to normal

examples of negative feed back loop

body temp

blood pressure

blood glucose level

positive feedback

enhances or amplifies the effect of a stimulus

produce temporarily unstable condditions that seem like they will not lead to

positive feedback loop examples

rare, childbirth, blood clotting

chemistry

study of matter and how it changes and interacts with other things

biochemistry

the chemistry of living organisms

atoms are made of what subatomic particles

protons, nutrons, electrons

protons are

positively chargerd

neutrons are

neutral

electrons are

negatively charged

4 major elements of the human body

oxygen

carbon

hydrogen

Nitrogen

oxygen

O

carbon

C

hydrogen

H

Nitrogen

N

calcium

Ca

Phosphorus

P

Potassium

K

Sodium

Na

Chlorine

Cl

Iron

Fe

Iodine

I

Molecules

are formed when multiple atoms bind together in some way

if the atoms are different elements we call the molecule a

compound

chemical bonds include

hydrogen

iconic

covalent

covalent bonds

chemical bond created by sharing electrons between atom

covalent

strongest

sharing electrons

non-polar bonds

are formed equally

ionic bonds

chemical bond between atoms frmed by the TRANSFER of electrons from one atom to another

ions

number of electrons differ from the proton number giving them a charge

cations

ions with a positive charge, loosing electrons

anions

ions with a negative charge gaining electrons

metabolism

all chemical reactions in the body

catabolic reactions

breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones to provide energy

anabolic reactions

production of larger molecules from smaller ones

catalysts

are proteins that speed up that rate of reactions

ph scale

indicates the relative concentration of H+ in various body fluids

the more H+ in a solution

the more acidic it is

the more OH- in a solution

the more basic it is

the scale is

0-14 point scale and logarithmic (10 fold change)

pH < 7 =

acidic (H+ concentration)

pH > 7 =

basic (high OH- concentration)

pH = 7

neutral

biomolecules

molecules synthesized by living organisms, which contain carbon atom

4 types

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

carbohydrates

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

3 major groups

monosaccharides

disaccharides

polysaccharides

monosaccharides

glucose

frutose

galactose

deoxyribose

ribose

disaccharides

sucrose

lactose

maltose

polysaccharides

glycogen

starch

cellulose

lipids

carbons and hydrogen atoms linked with non-polar bonds, hydrophobic and will NOT dissolve in water