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Cahokia

One of the largest urban centers created by Mississippian peoples, containing 30,000 residents circa 1250.

Characteristics of Cahokia

Mound Builders and the Great Temple

Farming of Cahokia and Other Characteristics

thrived on the cultivation of corn, beans, and squash. Complex Trading System, Taxation, Highly Advanced Civilization

Indios

The Spanish term for residents of the Indies, which Columbus applied to the natives of the Caribbean in 1492; translated into English as “Indians”.

Number of separate cultures

2000

Human Migration during the last Ice Age

Between 70,000 and 10,000 years ago

Beringia

A subcontinent bridging Asia and North America

Joseph de Acosta

a Spanish missionary who proposed that since there were Old World animals present in the Americas, humans must have crossed with them.

Clovis Culture

Stone Spear Heads, Fluted

Desert Culture

A way of life based on hunting small game and the foraging of plant foods.

Forest Efficiency

Creation of a comfortable life through the development of a sophisticated knowledge of available resources. Slash and Burn Technique

Origins in Mexico

Archaeological evidence supports the theory that plant cultivation began in central Mexico about 5,000 years ago. Maize – also known as corn, is a tall stout grass that produces a cereal grain. Mesoamerica and the Aztecs

Agriculture’s effect on the Natives

Agriculture will make possible for the development of complex lifeways, also known as, civilization. Clans to Tribes, Chiefs and Priests, Competition and Resources

Advantages vs Disadvantages

social hierarchy, abuse of power, more violent, and less stable

Agricultural Revolution

Some refer to the move to farming as it ushered in a new way of life and allowed for civilization to flourish.

Mogollon

Arizona/New Mexico – Some of the first settled farmers in North America; Corn.

Hohokam

Southern Arizona – First Irrigation Systems; Canals; Engineering.

Anasazi

Arizona (Southwest) – Cave Dwellings at Mesa Verde (Cliff Palace) and Pueblo Bonito at Chaco Canyon.

Adena/Hopewell

Ohio River Valley - Mound Builders; The Great Serpent Mound; Extensive Trading Network.

Cahokia/Mississippian

Mississippi River Valley – Mound Builders; Tool/Craft Specialization

Native warfare

localized and regional; usually over control of land and resources

Population of Indian America

5-10 million, densities vary

Southwest

The resource of water and its availability to be used in farming was significant. Rivers and Desert Cultivation; Pueblo Peoples; Communal Characteristics

South

Climate conditions make this region ideal for farming (short winters; long summers). Major Rivers; Natchez, Choctaws, and Cherokee Peoples; Chiefdoms; Hierarchical Characteristics

Northeast

Coastal plains, mountain highlands, great rivers, lakes, and valleys make farming varied in the region. Large and dense native populations; The Iroquois Confederation; Long House analogy