Skeletal System & Bone Tissues Study Guide - q&a flashcards
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68 Terms
What is the function of bones in support?
Provides a framework for the body, maintaining shape and structure. The skeletal system supports the weight of the body and is crucial for holding body organs in place and providing attachment sites for muscles, allowing for mobility and stability.
How many bones compose the Axial Skeleton?
80 bones.
What is the primary function of the Axial Skeleton?
Provides support and protection for vital organs.
What does the Appendicular Skeleton include?
Limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle.
How many bones compose the Appendicular Skeleton?
126 bones.
List the important functions of bones.
Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral Storage & Hematopoiesis.
What is the function of bones in support?
Provides a framework for the body.
How do bones provide protection?
They shield vital organs, such as the skull protecting the brain.
What role do bones play in movement?
They act as levers for muscles.
What mineral storage function do bones serve?
They store calcium and phosphorus.
What type of bone is dense and arranged in osteons?
Compact Bone.
What is the function of Compact Bone?
Provides strength.
What type of bone is porous and contains trabeculae?
Spongy Bone.
Where is Spongy Bone found?
In the epiphysis of long bones.
What is the function of Spongy Bone?
Reduces weight and aids in hematopoiesis.
What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
The shaft of the bone.
What are the ends of a long bone called?
Epiphysis.
What is the metaphysis?
The region between diaphysis and epiphysis.
What is trabeculae?
A network in spongy bone.
What is the periosteum?
The outer fibrous layer of the bone.
What is the endosteum?
The inner lining of bone cavities.
What is contained in the medullary cavity?
Hollow space inside bones.
What is the epiphyseal line/plate?
Growth plate in children; becomes the line in adults.
What does the central canal of compact bone contain?
Blood vessels and nerves.
What are lacunae?
Small cavities housing osteocytes.
What are canaliculi?
Channels connecting lacunae.
What are lamellae?
Layers of bone matrix.
What surrounds the entire bone?
Circumferential Lamellae.
Where are interstitial lamellae found?
Between osteons.
What surrounds the central canal?
Concentric Lamellae.
What are perforating canals?
Connect blood supply between osteons.
What is an osteon?
Structural unit of compact bone.
What is the role of osteogenic cells?
Differentiate into osteoblasts.
Where are osteogenic cells found?
In periosteum and endosteum.
What do osteoblasts do?
Form new bone.
What do osteocytes maintain?
Bone matrix.
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Resorb bone.
What enzyme is secreted by osteoblasts for bone mineralization?
Alkaline Phosphatase.
What is hydroxyapatite?
Inorganic mineral that provides strength to bones.
What is intramembranous ossification?
Direct bone formation, e.g., skull.
What is endochondral ossification?
Bone replaces cartilage, e.g., long bones.
Where does bone length growth occur?
At the epiphyseal plate.
What are the zones of growth plate?
Resting Zone, Proliferation Zone, Hypertrophic Zone, Calcification Zone, Ossification Zone.
What happens in the resting zone of the growth plate?
Inactive cartilage.
What occurs in the proliferation zone?
Rapid cell division.
What happens in the hypertrophic zone?
Enlargement of chondrocytes.
What occurs in the calcification zone?
Matrix calcifies.
What happens in the ossification zone?
New bone forms.
What is appositional growth?
New bone added to periosteum.
What effect does parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on calcium levels?
Increases osteoclast activity to raise calcium.
What does calcitonin do to calcium levels?
Inhibits osteoclasts to lower calcium.
What is hypocalcemia?
Low calcium levels; can cause muscle spasms.
What is hypercalcemia?
High calcium levels; can lead to weak muscles.
What hormones stimulate bone growth?
Estrogen and Testosterone.
What is the role of growth hormone in bone growth?
Promotes bone lengthening.
What is the role of calcitriol (Vitamin D)?
Helps in calcium absorption.
What is a compound fracture?
Bone breaks through the skin.
What is a simple fracture?
Bone does not break the skin.
What is a complete fracture?
Bone is fully broken.
What is an incomplete fracture?
Partial break of bone.
What is a displaced fracture?
Bone is misaligned.
What is a non-displaced fracture?
Bone remains aligned.
What is bone remodeling?
Continuous bone replacement.
What are the steps of bone repair?
Hematoma formation; 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus; 3. Bony callus formation; 4. Bone remodeling.
What occurs during hematoma formation?
Blood clot forms.
What forms the temporary cartilage bridge in bone repair?
Fibrocartilaginous callus.
What replaces cartilage in bony callus formation?
Spongy bone.
What replaces spongy bone during bone remodeling?
Compact bone.