Ethics and Environmental Philosophy

These flashcards cover major concepts from the lecture on ethics and environmental philosophy, focusing on normative vs. descriptive ethics, various ethical theories, animal rights, biocentrism, ecocentrism, environmental justice, and the implications of pollution.

What is ethics defined as in the lecture?

Ethics is about what one should do regarding what is right or wrong.

What distinguishes normative claims from descriptive claims?

Normative claims are about what one ought to do, while descriptive claims merely describe what is.

What does Divine Command Theory suggest?

What is moral is what God says.

What are the key principles of Natural Law Theory?

There are objective moral principles inherent in human nature, discoverable through reason.

Who integrated Christian theology with moral philosophy, arguing for inherent morality in human inclinations?

Thomas Aquinas.

What is the focus of Utilitarianism?

The greatest good for the greatest number of people, focusing on consequences.

What does Deontology emphasize in ethical considerations?

Duty and rule-based ethics, regardless of consequences.

How did Immanuel Kant define hypothetical and categorical imperatives?

Hypothetical imperatives are actions to take under specific circumstances; categorical imperatives are actions that must always be followed.

What does Virtue Ethics focus on according to Aristotle?

Having good character and following the Golden Mean of moderation.

What is the definition of Care Ethics?

An ethical framework emphasizing the importance of relationships and connections with others.

What is Communitarianism opposed to?

Libertarianism, which focuses on the individual rather than the community.

What is the concept of Anthropocentrism?

Only humans matter in moral consideration.

What does 'weak' anthropocentrism suggest?

Only humans matter, but considers both felt and considered preferences.

What did Peter Singer argue regarding animals?

They should be given equal consideration of interests based on their capacity to experience happiness or suffering.

What is Tom Regan's position on animal rights?

Anyone who is a 'subject of life' has rights that cannot be violated.

What is biocentrism?

The belief that all living beings matter morally.

Who articulated the idea of 'reverence for life'?

Albert Schweitzer.

What does ecocentrism argue regarding moral value?

Species and ecosystems have intrinsic value, more important than individual organisms.

What was the claim made by Holmes Rolston III concerning species?

Species are intrinsically valuable due to billions of years of evolution.

What is the 'just saving principle' proposed by John Rawls?

Current generations have a moral duty to ensure future generations inherit a decent society.

What ethical dilemma does the non-identity problem pose?

It questions our obligations to future generations given our actions shape which individuals come into existence.

How is pollution defined in the lecture?

The introduction of harmful substances into the environment that can cause harm.

What unique perspective on pollution did Benjamin Hale provide?

Pollution represents a trespass, intruding on individuals' rights without consent.

What significant legal outcome was highlighted in the film 'Dark Waters'?

A $671 million settlement for over 3,500 plaintiffs due to the pollution caused by DuPont.