Anatomy and Physiology: Cartilage Types, Bone Functions, and Axial Skeleton

3 Types of Cartilage?Hyaline - Joints

Elastic - Ears

Fibrocartilage (Areas of High impact) - Spine and Knees

3 Types of Cartilage?

Support

-Movement

-Protection

-Red Marrow: Formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis)

- Storage

- Yellow marrow - fat storage

- Minerals (calcium phosphate)

Function of Bones?

Skull, Hyoid, Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum

Bones of the Axial skeleton?

Frontal Bone - Cranium

What is this bone of the skull?

Parietal bone - Cranium

What is this bone of the skull?

Occipital Bone - Cranium

What is this bone of the skull?

Temporal Bone

What is this bone of the skull?

Mastoid Bone

What is this bone of the skull?

Sphenoid Bone

What is this bone of the skull?

Zygomatic Bone- facial

What is this bone of the skull?

Mandible - facial

What is this bone of the skull?

Maxilla - facial

What is this bone of the skull?

Lacrimal - facial

What is this bone of the skull?

Ethmoid Bone

What is this bone of the skull?

Nasal Bone - facial

What is this bone of the skill?

Hyoid Bone - Associated

What is this bone?

Fused together by immovable sutures, forms at roughly 24 months

How is the skull fused together/when does it fuse?

26 Vertebrae total - separated into Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sarcum, and Coccyx

Cervical - 7 Vertebrae

Thoracic - 12 Vertebrae

Lubar - 5 Vertebrae

Sarcum - 1 Vertebrae

Coccyx - 1 Vertebrae (tailbone)

How many vertebrae are present in a normal, healthy adult? What categories are they separated into and how many are in each category?

Discs separate the vertebrae. The discs are made of fibrocartilage because of their shock absorbing properties

What is in-between the vertebrae? What is this made of and why?

True ribs - Ribs that connect to the sternum

False ribs - Ribs that connect to the sternum through another rib

Floating ribs - Ribs that do not connect to the sternum at all

What are the 3 types of ribs?

Ilium, Ischium, and Pubic bone - they belong to the appendicular skeleton

What are the 3 bones of the pelvic girdle? Do they belong to the appendicular or axial skeleton?

Radius

What is this bone?

Ulna

What is this bone?

Humerus

What is this bone?

Fontanelles

What are soft fibrous membranes present in fetal skulls called?

Osteoblasts secrete collagen fibers and ground substance to generate new bone

What is the role of an osteoblast?

Osteocytes (mononucleated) maintain a healthy bone matrix in bone that is already there. Does this by maintaining mineral salts (compressional strength) and organic elements in the matrix. and Osteocytes are matured osteoblasts once they are surrounded by bone matrix.

What is the role of an osteocyte?

Osteoclasts (multinucleated) reabsorb old/damaged bone to make way for new bone growth via HCl/lysosomal enzymes

What is the role of an osteoclast?

Diaphysis

What is this portion of a longbone called?

Metaphysis

What is this portion of a longbone called?

Epiphysis

What is this portion of a longbone called?

periosteum

What is the dense, fibrous connective tissue that wraps around the outside of the bone

The Medullary Cavity

What is the portion of the bone that contains yellow and red marrow?

A unit of bone containing a central canal, lamella rings, and lacuna containing osteocytes

What is an osteon?

The central canal

What is the portion of an osteon that contains the blood vessels that run through it?

A canal perpendicular to periosteal blood vessels to allow for periosteal blood vessels to enter deeper into the bone into the central canals

Volkman's Canal

Very small gaps between lamellae that connect osteocytes to each other (the way they communicate and receive nutrients since the space between lamellae is avascular

Canaliculus

Skull, Hyoid, Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum

What does the axial skeleton contain?

Provides point of attachment for muscles, provides support/movement, connects limbs to axial skeleton, transfers weight to lower limbs

What does the appendicular skeleton do?

Diarthrosis (freely moveable)

What type of joint is a synovial joint in terms of movement description?

Synarthrosis (immovable), Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable), Diarthrosis (freely moveable)

What are the 3 terms that describe the movability of joints?

Joint cavity

What is the enclosed, fluid filled space between synovial joints?

Joint Capsule

Both the outer fibrous layer, AND the smooth inner layer that line the joint cavity (synovial membrane)

Outer fibrous layer of dense connective tissue, Smooth inner layer of loose connective tissue, Richly supplied with nerves, vasculature and

lymphatic vessels

Postmenopause, low estrogen, vitamin D, and Calcium levels combined with decreased exercise and poor dieting sensitize osteoclasts to parathyroid hormone to boost bone resorption to levels too high

What is the mechanism behind postmenopausal osteoporosis?