exam 1 flashcards - physiology

name the 4 basic tissue types

epithelium, connective. muscle, nervous

typa junction that seal cellular gaps to prevent fluid leakage

tight junctions

typa junction that mechanically attaches cells to withstand stress

anchoring junctions

typa junction that enables direct intracellular communication

gap junctions

intercalated discs (cardiac muscle tissue) contain both of these junctions but dont have this particular junction (3 answers)

anchoring, gap, tight

type of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

endocrine glands

typa glands that secret substances into ducts that lead to an external or internal surface

exocrine glands

counteracts a change to restore balance, main goal is to maintain _______

negative feedback loop, homeostasis

amplifies a change to drive a process forward, completes a _______

positive feedback loop. process

a chemical property that measures an atoms ability to attract shared elections towards itself within a covalent bond

electronegativity

chemical principle that states atoms are most stable when their outermost electron shell holds eight valence electrons

octet rule

a bond in which non metal atoms share valence electrons

covalent bond

bond that is formed when a metal atom completely transfers valence elections to a non metal atom

ionic bond

bond that both dissociates in water and forms NaCl

ionic bond

bond that features unequal sharing of valence elections; and a bond that features equal sharing of valence electrons

polar covalent, non polar covalent

polar covalent bonds are ______; while non polar covalent bonds are _______ (pertaining to its relationship with water)

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

a weak electrostatic attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative highly electronegative atom

hydrogen bond

a typa synthesis in which larger molecules are formed by removing a water molecule

dehydration synthesis

a process in which a water molecule is implemented thus assists in the break down of molecules

hydrolysis

membrane potential (vm) refers to the ______ charge

inside

the equation that allows us to calculate the equilibrium potential of any ion

nearst equation

why cant we digest cellulose as easily as starch even tho they are just polymers of glucose (what type of monomers does starch contain that makes it more difficult to consume)

alpha monomers

difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?

double bonds

what do phospholipids contain that constitutes them as amphipathic molecules?

hydrophobic tail; hydrophilic head

phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head thus constituting them as ______ molecules

amphiphatic

unique characteristics that different r groups provides for amino acids

polarity, protein folding

4 chemical groups that are attached to the central carbon within an amino acid

amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, r-group

what two parts of an amino acid form the peptide bond between 2 amino acids?

carboxyl group (of one); amino group (of another)

4 levels of protein structure (and the one that requires two or more protein strands)

primary, secondary, tertiary, quantenary, quaternary

a dense region within the nucleus reponsible for producing and assembling ribosomes

nucleolus

sites of protein synthesis that float freely within the cytoplasm or attach to the rough ER

ribosomes

studded with ribosomes, as it folds, modifies, and packages proteins for transport

rough ER

lacks ribosomes however they play a role within synthesizing lipids, metabolizing carbs, and detoxifying drugs and poisons

smooth er

functions as the cell’s shipping and receiving center (mailbox), modifies, sorts, and tags proteins/lipids before sending them to their final destinations

golgi apparatus

cells recycling and waste disposal units, contains digestive enzymes to break down old cell parts, foreign invaders, and waste

lysosomes

breaks down fatty acids and amino acids; neutralizes toxic hydrogen peroxide in to water and oxygen

peroxisomes

a semi permeable lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell; controls what enters and exits

plasma membrane

jelly-like fluid that fills the cell and suspends the organelles, providing a medium for biochemical reactions

cytoplasm

a network of protein fibers (microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules) that provide the cell its shape mechanical support and aids within internal movement

cytoskeleton

organizes microtubules and helps seperate chormosones during cell division (mitosis)

centrosomes

random passive movement of small/nonpolar molecules directly through the lipid bilayer

simple diffusion

passive movement of water molecules specifically traveling across a semipermeable membrane

osmosis

passive movement of large/polar molecules across the membrane w/ the help of specific protein channels or carriers

facilitated diffusion

energy-requiring movement of molecules against their concentration gradient utilizing specialized protein pumps

active transport

exact amt of face or pressure required to completely stop the movement of water via osmosis

osmotic pressure

equal concentration of solute within the inside and outside of the cell, no net movement and cell maintains normal shape

isotonic

lower solute concentration on the outside of the cell, thus water rushes into the higher solute concentration area (the inside), causing swelling and bursting of cell (lysis)

hypotonic

lower soul concentration on the inside of the cell (thus water rushes into the higher solute concentration (the outside), causes a shrinking/shriveling of the cell

hypertonic

process by which a cell takes in materials from the outside environment by engulfing them in a section of the plasma membrane, thus pinching it off to form an internal vesicle

endocytosis

process by which a cell releases materials to the outside environment

exocytosis

a type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles

phagocytosis

the cell non selectively gulps down droplets of extracellular fluid to absorb dissolved solutes

pinocytosis

a highly selective process where specific target molecules bind to membrane receptors before being engulfed

receptor mediated endocytosis

the strict sequence of organelles that are involved within the synthesis of a protein that is destined for exocytosis

nucelus, ribosomes, rough er, golgi apparatus

3 phases of interphase

g1 phase, s phase, g2 phase

phase within the interphase that is concerned with the cell physically growing larger, copying its organelles, and creates the molecular building blocks it would need later

g1 phase

a phase within the interphase that is concerned with the cell replicating its DNA

s phase

a phase within the interphase in which the cell grows a bit more, creates enzymes and proteins required for division, and double checks the duplicated DNA for any potential errors

g2 phase

cell cycle is divided into two major portions

interphase, m phase

main components/ divisions of the m phase

mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase); cytokinesis

the copied DNA separates into two identical sets; the main component of the M phase

mitosis

first part of mitosis in which the DNA condenses into visible chromosomes; the nuclear envelope also breaks down during this part

prophase

second part of mitosis in which chromosomes line up perfectly along the middle equator of the cell

metaphase

third part of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers towards opposite sides of the cell

anaphase

fourth part of mitosis in which two nuclear envelopes form around the separated sets of DNA: with chromosomes uncoiling

telophase

second main portion of the m phase (cell division) in which the cytoplasm physically splits, plasma membrane pinches in the middle until two identical daughter cells are produced

cytokinesis

5 primary enzymes utilized for DNA replication

helicase, topoisomerase, primase, DNA polymerase, ligase

one of the primary enzymes utilized for DNA replication that breaks hydrogen bonds whilst holding the two DNA strands tg, unzipping the double helix to create the replication fork (unzipper)

helicase

one of the primary enzymes utilized for DNA replication in which it relieves the extreme twisting tension and strain that builds up ahead of the unzipping helices so that the DNA strand doesnt tangle/break (pressure reliever)

topoisomerase

one of the primary enzymes utilized for DNA replication in which there is a laying down of a short stretch of RNA called a primer, acts as a temporary green light bc the main building enzyme cannot start copying from scratch (key maker)

primase

one of the primary enzymes utilized for DNA replication in which there is a matching of new nucleotides to the template strand to build the DNA stand and double checks the sequences for any spelling errors since DNA construction can only occur within the 5’ - 3’ direction

DNA polymerase

one of the primary enzymes utilized for DNA replication in which there is a gluing and sealing tg of the fragments of DNA on the lagging strand, forming a seamless continuous backbone

ligase

an inducible gene regulation system that allows bacteria to only produce lactose digesting enzymes when lactose is present and glucose is absent (bacteria such as e coli)

bacterial lac operon

a process where a cell copies a specific recipe from a strand of DNA into a matching strand of RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA)

transcription

coding regions of DNA that are expressed as proteins (exiting the nucleus); glued tg into a continuous chain during splicing

exons

intervening regions that stay inside the nucleus that are cut out and discarded during splicing

introns

equation that allows to find out the equilibrium potential of an ion (assumes that the membrane is completely permeable to one specific ion)

nearst equation

calculates the resting membrane potential of a cell by taking into account the concentration gradients and relative permeabilities of permeant ions

ghk equation

under a calcium pathway an pip2 turns into these two products _________ and utilizes the enzyme ______ to facilitate this reaction

ip3, dag, phospholipase c

under a cyclic amp pathway, ______ turns into _______ with the help of the enzyme _______

atp, camp, adenyl cycloclase

at rest a cell membrane is much more permeable to _______ compared to ___________

potassium, sodium

the neurotransmitter released by a motor neuron that causes the bicep muscle to contract

acetylcholine

potentials that are short lived and causes localized changes within the membrane potential

graded potentials

uniform or all or nothing electrical impulses that travel long distances along an axon

action potential

occurs when the membrane potential of a cell becomes less negative than its resting membrane potential

depolarization

adenine always pairs with ______ within the DNA structure while cytosine always pairs with _______

thymine, guanine

the two main components that RNA contains that distinguishes itself from the DNA structure

single stranded, uracil

3 types of rna and where the anticodon would be located within

mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal), tRNA (transfer)

a sequence of three consecutive nitrogenous bases that specifics a single amino acid or signal to stop building a protein, and which RNA possesses it

codon, mRNA

energy of motion _________ : stored energy based on an objects position or state _________

kinetic energy; potential energy

where is the energy stored within molecules?

chemical bonds

energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only change from one form to another

1st law of thermodynamics

every energy transfer of transformation increases the disorderly conduct within the universe

2nd law of thermodynamics

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to maintain life

metabolism

the metabolic pathways that break down complex molecules into simpler ones thus releasing energy within the process

catabolism

the metabolic pathways that build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring an input of energy to do so

anabolism

exergonic _____ energy while an endergonic reaction requires an ______ of energy to occur

releases; input

biological catalysts which are almost always proteins that speed up chemical reactions inside living organisms

enzymes

specific region within an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction

active site

minimum amount of energy required to kickstart a chemical reaction, represents the chemical speed bump that reactant molecules must over come in order for a product to be produced within a reaction

energy of activation