AP Psychology Unit 5b: Part 1

Psychology Disorder

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

Dysfunction

Impaired or abnormal functioning

Distress

negative stress

Stigma

a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.

American Psychiatric Association (APA)

Professional organization of physicians who specialize in the practice of psychiatry

Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

the handbook used by health care professionals in the United States and much of the world as the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders

World Health Organization

A specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health

International Classification of Mental Disorders

a global standard for classifying all diseases, including mental disorders, used for diagnosis, research, and health reporting.

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

behavorial perspective

Objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior. Key figures: Watson, Pavlov, & Skinner.

maladadaptive behaviors

actions or patterns of behavior that hinder an individual's ability to adapt to their environment and cope with challenges

psychodynamic perspective

the approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control

humanistic perspective

the psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices

cognitive perspective

A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

maladaptive thoughts

Distorted thoughts that can negatively affect emotion and behavior

evolutionary perspective

perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share

sociocultural perspective

perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture

maladaptive relationships

Relationships that are harmful or detrimental to an individual's well-being.

biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

diathesis-stress model

suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

diathesis

predisposition toward developing a disorder

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

neurodevelopmental disorders

a group of conditions manifested early in development that are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

severe disorders in which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

acute schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods

chronic schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

positive symptoms

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas.

negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Delusions of perscution

false beliefs about being mistreated, abused, or harassed

delusions of grandeur

A false belief that one is a famous person or a powerful or important person who has some great knowledge, ability, or authority.

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

disorganized thinking and speech

group of symptoms of schizophrenia where individuals may think or speak in ways that are jumbled, illogical, or incoherent

word salad

Incoherent mixture of words, phrases, and sentences

disorganized motor behavior

highly unusual behaviors and movements (such as child-like behaviors), repeated and purposeless movements, and displaying odd facial expressions and gestures

catatonia stupor

stop responding to their environment, remaining motionless and silent for long stretches of time

catatonic stupor

an immobile, expressionless, coma-like state associated with schizophrenia

flat affect

The display of little or no emotion—a common negative symptom of schizophrenia.

dopamine hypothesis

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

depressive disorders

Mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression—an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

persistent depressive disorder

a chronic form of unipolar depression marked by ongoing and repeated symptoms of either major or mild depression

bipolar disorders

disorders marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

depression

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

bipolar I disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

bipolar II disorder

a disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

specific phobia

fear of objects or specific situations or events

acrophobia

fear of heights

arachnophobia

fear of spiders

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

panic attacks

periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass

culture-bound anxiety disorder

a collection of signs and symptoms that is restricted to a limited number of cultures by reason of certain psychosocial features.

ataque de nervios

a self-labeled syndrome found in Latinos in which they experience a mixture of anxiety, panic, depression, and anger

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

taijin kyofusho

a form of social anxiety common in Japan involving a fear of offending or embarrassing others with one's odor, eye contact, or appearance.

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

obsessions

persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress

compulsions

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are performed to prevent or reduce anxiety.

hoarding

collecting and putting things away in a guarded way

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

dissociations

situations in which one function is absent while another function is present

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

dissociative amnesia

Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

fugue

a state or period of loss of awareness of one's identity, often coupled with flight from one's usual environment, associated with certain forms of hysteria and epilepsy.

trauma and stressor related disorders

a group of mental disorders distinguished by their origin in stressful events

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

hypervigilance

state of ongoing anxiety in which the person is constantly tense and alert for threats

flashbacks

Interruptions in the text that refer to past events, in order to provide background or context to the current situation of a narrative.

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

emotional detachment

Inability to connect emotionally with others.

hostility

the intentional use of unfriendly or offensive behavior

feeding and eating disorders

Difficulty managing food intake such as a life-threatening failure to maintain sufficient body weight

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

cluster A personality disorders

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Paranoid Personality Disorder (Cluster A)

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

Schizoid Personality Disorder (Cluster A)

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

schizotypal personality disorder(Cluster A)

Person has several traits that causes interpersonal problems, including inappropriate affect, paranoid/magical thinking, off beliefs

Cluster B personality disorders

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

antisocial personality disorder(Cluster B)

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Histrionic Personality Disorder (Cluster B)

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

narcissistic personality disorder(Cluster B)

a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

borderline personality disorder(Cluster B)

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

cluster C personality disorders

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

avoidant personality disorder(cluster C)

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

dependent personality disorder (cluster c)

extreme dependency in close relationship, urgent seek for another when relationships end

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control