World History Imperialism test

Imperialism, Apartheid

Imperialism

When a country takes over other parts of the world to expand power and gain resources, Age of imperialism lasted from 1850

Colonialism/Colonization/Colonies

The process of dominating another country, Colonies are countries or regions controlled by another country

Great Britain

A country in Europe that had a lot of factories but little materials, causing them to use Imperialism and then ended up colonizing the most land and controlling a lot of colonies

Maxim machine gun

Gave rich countries a big advantage, used to conquer land

Savages

Used to describe people who aren’t from Europe or America, thought to be uneducated and like animals

Industrial Revolution

Cause of imperialism, when technology increased and Europe needed raw materials from other parts of the world, causing them to expand, Nations wanted to increase their profit, wealth, and power, Needed raw materials and reliable markets

Capitalism

An economic system where the goal of making the most money, Popular during Industrial Revolution

Nationalism

Cause of imperialism, a strong feeling of pride in one’s country, Belief that your country is better than other because they have more money, a good government, and are stronger, leading to the countries expanding and gaining more land

Social Darwinism

Cause of imperialism, the theory of natural selection and that the most qualified people survive, Encouraged people to spread their beliefs because theory thought that they would benefit others

Mughal Empire

Ruled Asia in 1648 and was eventually overpowered by the British Empire, British worked well with them and Mughals gave British power to live and build trading ports in their cities

British East India Company

British company in India with many different businesses that traded with India and the surrounding areas, Main goal was to make money for the companies shareholders, but then became to gain the most power, Ended up gaining territories and becoming an imperial force, going to war to obtain other colonies

Sepoys

Local Indian soldiers hired to work for the British East India company

Cash crops

The British forced Indians to grow cash crops to feed the local populations rather than food to feed the Indians, leading to a famine

British Interest in India (textiles)

India had many crops and textiles needed to make other things. Factory owners wanted new groups of people to sell their goods for profit, Textile industry made the British very wealthy

Railroads

The Indian railway had the longest railroad track in all of Europe, Officials saw them as a quick way to move soldiers, Indians ended up enjoying the railroads because they were able to use it to travel quickly

Telecommunications

Helped the British control India because they were able to send information about supplies and emergencies quickly

Sepoys/Sepoy Rebellion

Although they were paid well, they faced a lot of discrimination and their religious beliefs were challenged, The Sepoys rebelled against the British East India Company when taxes, racist laws, and disrespect for customs became out of control, Major turning point in colonial India, Rebellion ended up failing because they lacked organization and support from Indians because of religious division

Causes & Effects of Sepoy Rebellion

Causes: expansion of British power, westernization, Sepoys outnumbering British troops, and the belief that gunpowder had animal products, which goes against Hindu and Muslim customs, Effects: British government takes control of India, representation for Indians but a little power, continued modernization and westernization of India

Westernization

The process of changing a culture to become more western, or European/ American, Demonstrated by the British wanting to change laws about Hinduism, use British education systems, etc.

British Raj

The British government that replaced the British East India company, Made India an official British colony

“Divide and Rule”

The British Raj’s policy, how territory was acquired by putting one Indian ruler against another , Demonstrated by separating the Hindus and Muslims who already didn’t like each other

Mahatma Gandhi

A leader who led the movement against British rule in India using nonviolent protests and civil disobedience

Indian National Congress

A group of 73 western educated Indians who were lawyers, teachers, and journalists, At first, they supported the British Raj because they were benefiting from rich but then had more nationalist ideas in the early 1900s

Muslim League

Members of the upper class Muslim community, petitioned for more say in the government and laws that favor Muslims

Swaraj

Self rule

Rowlatt Acts

During WW1, the British were at war with Germany and India fought for Britain, and India had many laws that repressed India at this time to make sure that they don’t have any extreme political activities, After war, the Rowlatt Acts were put in place to extend the repressive wartime measures, where political cases could be tried without juries and people suspected of crime could be jailed

Amritsar Massacre

When British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians and killed several hundred people, Turning point in India’s history because it permanently scared relations with Britain

Salt March

Led by Gandhi, when thousands of people gathered to walk to the ocean to produce their own salt because the British had a tax on salt, which is necessary for survival, March gained a lot of attention around the world

Homespun Movement

Because Britain's industrial manufacturing hurt India’s traditional economy, Gandhi suggested that Indians started making their own clothes instead of buying from the British

Quit India Movement

Gandhi’s movement to ask India to act as an independent nation and not follow the orders of the British, Gandhi had to get the Hindus and Muslims to come together to fight and put their differences aside, Led to the British giving up control of India

Pakistan

Leader believed that Partition was a good Idea, Became independent and where most Muslims were living

Partition of India

The belief that they could divide India by Hindus and Muslims by splitting it in half, This would not work because there are people of both religions everywhere in India, It ended up happening and when people moved, many died and many women were targeted

Scramble for Africa

When the different European nations competed for control of Africa because of its many natural resources, Europeans went from controlling 10% to 90% of Africa by 1914, Ethiopia and Liberia were independent nations

Berlin Conference

Caused by the Scramble for Africa, The purpose was to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa by identifying which European nations would be allowed to control which parts of Africa, They divided Africa without knowing which cultures lived where, Africans were not invited to the conference

Otto von Bismarck

The first chancellor of Germany, organized the Berlin Conference

British Empire

Gained control of South Africa and other parts of Africa, Took over the Cape colony from the Dutch and freed slaves, causing the Boers to leave, Eventually formed the Union of South Africa with the Boers

Independent African Countries

Ethiopia and Liberia were independent and not under the control of European powers

Boers/Afrikaners

The Europeans that settled in the Cape Colony in South Africa who over generations considered themselves South African, They kept many slaves and when Britain controlled the Cape Colony, they left on the “Great Trek”

Boer War

The war between the British and the Boers for the diamonds and gold discovered on Boer land, The Boers were defeated and the British took over the Boer lands and took the resources, Gave indigenous Africans the right to vote, but they didn’t control their land

Natives’ Land Act (1913)

The first law passed by the Union of South Africa Parliament that enforced the legal separation of blacks and whites, 93% of farm land was reserved for whites, Africans were forbidden from buying/leasing land outside of the reserves and Europeans were unable to buy/lease land from Africans, Made Africans be forced to move

Apartheid

A system of racial segregation in South Africa, Made black people separated, have no political rights, and less education, Demonstrated white supremacy, Marriage between races was not allowed

National Party

Gained power through the 1920s and 1940s, Made laws that gave Boers (white South Africans) more power, They made Afrikaans an official language, changed the education system to favor Afrikaans culture, favored Afrikaan businesses, and removed all things British, This was successful and South Africa became independent in 1961

Population Registration Act (1950)

This divided South African population into 3 racial groups: Whites, Natives (Blacks) and Coloured (mixed race), Whites had all the political power, the best jobs

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act

The law that did not allow marriage between people of different races

Pass Laws

The use of passes to restrict the movement of black people in South Africa, Used to ensure reliable and cheap African labor for gold and diamond mines, They changed in 1952 when all African males were required to carry a reference book with their information, Caused many protests where the pass books were burned at the police station which led to a massacre

Bantustans/Homelands

Part of the government’s policy of “separate development”, where they claimed that white and black South Africans can develop equally but apart from one another, Laws were passed that all Africans were citizens of the homelands rather than South African itself, Caused 8 million South Africans to lose their citizenship, The homelands were poor and agricultural land and this caused Black people to become slaves

Forced Removals

When large populations were forced to relocate by the government, A tool for the governments Bantustan policy

African National Congress

A political party in South Africa that was formed in 1912 with the goal of defending the rights and freedoms of black South Africans and this was a major force against apartheid

Nelson Mandela

Leader of the African national Congress and anti-apartheid radical, Became the first black president of South Africa, Spent 27 years in prison for involvement in underground armed resistance activities and sabotage

Sharpeville Massacre

When there was a protest outside the police station where the pass books were burned, and the participants were massacred and 69 were killed

Soweto Uprising

A series of student-led protests and riots that began in Soweto, South Africa against the apartheid government’s Bantu education system

President De Klerk

South African president in 1990 that released nelson Mandela from Prison, Worked with Mandela to bring and end to racial segregation, Ended up sharing a Nobel Peace prize with Mandela in 1993, Was originally a firm believer in white supremacy, but then realized that the apartheid system caused economic and political bankruptcy

First Democratic Elections (1994)

The first elections where black South Africans were allowed to vote, and so many showed up because this was the first time their voices were able to be heard, Mandela ended up being elected as president