Energy Requirement in Humans

Muscular activity

provides the greatest variation in the total energy expenditure (TEE)

energy content of food

The is calculated from the heat released by the today combustion of food in a calorimeter.

Carbohydrates

= 45 %- 65 % of their total carbohydrates.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

the average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain an energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, and height whose weight and level of physical activity are consistent with good health

Energy balance

the calories consumed are equal to the energy expended

To maintain weight sedentary adults require

~30 kcal/Kg/day

To maintain weight moderately active adults require

~35 kcal/Kg/day

To maintain weight very active adults require

~40 kcal/Kg/day

The number of kcal expended by these processes in 24-hour period

total energy expenditure (TEE)

60%

75% of the TEE in sedentary individuals is attributable to the REE

men (70kg)

1800 kcal

women (50kg)

1300 kcal

RMR increased in

children, males, cold climate, fever, and thyrotoxicosis

RMR decreased in

females, starvation, sleep, and hypothyroidism

a lightly active person may require -30%

50% more calories than the RMR

Infants (up to 2 months) caloric requirements

120 cal/kg/day

During pregnancy caloric needs increase by

300 - 400 cal/day

During lactation caloric needs increase by

500 - 700 cal/day

carbohydrates = 45%

65% of their total carbohydrates

protein = 10%

35%

fat = 20%

35%

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

The energy expended by an individual in a resting, postabsorptive state in a thermo neutral environment.

respiratory quotient (RQ) of carbohydrate

1

respiratory quotient (RQ) of protein

0.84

respiratory quotient (RQ) of fat

0.71

Thermic Effect of Food (Specific Dynamic Action (SDA))

The extra heat produced over and above the caloric value of food.

Children (6 months - 1 year) caloric requirements:

100 cal/kg/day

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)

A range of intakes for a particular macronutrient that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate amount of essential nutrients.

AMDR for adults from carbohydrates

45% - 65% of their total calories

AMDR for adults from protein

10% - 35% of their total calories

AMDR for adults from fat

20% - 35% of their total calories

SDA of carbohydrates

6%

SDA of protein

30%

SDA of fat

4%

SDA of mixed balance diet

10%