Anatomy and physiology 2 Exam 1

What are the components of Blood?

-Plasma (55%)

-Formed elements (45%)

-Erythrocytes

-Leukocytes

-Thrombocytes

Draw and label a test tube of spun down blood.

What is the function of hemoglobin?

-The main functional unit of the red blood cell.

-Carries oxygen.

Hematopoiesis

the formation of blood cells

Blood cells start off as ___ in cell development.

Hemocytoblast

Hemocytoblast split into two main groups; What are they?

Myeloid stem cells and Lymphoid stem cells.

Erythropoiesis

• occurs on red bone marrow

• low blood O2 causes kidneys and liver to release EPO (erythroprotein), which stimulates RBC productions

• negative feedback

Newly formed red blood cells that still contain remnants of the Endoplasmic Recticulum are known as ___.

Reticulocytes.

Monocytes differentiate into ___.

Macrophages.

What does the body make in low oxygen environment, such as high altitudes?

Erythropoietin (EPO)

What do Erythropoietin (EPO) do?

Triggers the production of erythrocytes in the red bone marrow.

What nutrient is needed to prevent pernicious anemia?

Vitamin b12

• folic acid also are required for DNA synthesis; necessary for the growth and divisions of all cells.

Hemoglobin is broken down into two parts, Heme and Globin. What happens to Globin after the break down?

Globin is further broken into amino acids and then metabolized by macrophages or released to the blood stream.

What are the two main groups of white blood cells?

-Granulocytes

-Agranulocytes

What are the three types of Granulocytes and there functions?

-Neutrophils: Phagocytic, first to arrive at site of infection.

-Eosinophils: Defends against parasites.

-Basophiles: Releases histamine and heparin, appear in

allergic tissues.

What are the two types of Agranulocytes and there functions?

-Monocytes: Releases chemokins to attract neutrophils, leaves blood to become macrophages.

-Lymphocytes: Composed of T, B, and NK cells, T cells are important for immunity, B cells produce antibodies.

What are the 4 major plasma proteins and there functions.

-Albumins: Osmotic Pressure

-Alpha/Beta Globulins: Transport of lipids and fats

-Fibrinogen: Blood Coagulation

-Gamma Globulins: Constitute Antibodies

What are 4, non-protein, nitrogenous substances?

-Urea

-Uric acid

-Amino Acids

-Creatine

What does the Spleen do?

Processes old red blood cells.

Which ion is critical for blood clotting?

Vitamin K

What is the primary insoluble protein in a clot?

Fibrin

What are the corresponding antigens per blood type? Antibody?

Type A: Surface antigen A, Anti-B

Type B: Surface antigen B, Anti-A

Type AB: Both surface antigen A&B, No Antibody

Type O: No surface antigen, Anti-A and B

What is the universal blood donor? repentant?

Donor: O

repentant: AB

Cause of Aplastic anemia

• Bone marrow damaged

• Toxic chemicals

• Radiation

Cause of Hemolytic anemia

• RBCs destroyed

• Toxic chemicals

Cause of Sickle cell anemia

• Abnormal shape of RBCs

• Defective gene

Cause of Iron Deficiency anemia

• Hemoglobin deficient

• Lack of iron

Cause of Pernicious anemia

• Excess of immature RBCs

• Inability to absorb B12

Cause of Thalassemia

• Hemoglobin deficient

• RBCs short-lived

• Defective gene

What are the 3 pericardial layers?

• Fibrous pericardium

• Visceral pericardium

• Parietal pericardium

What heart has 3 distinct layers, what are they?

-Epicardium (outer)

-Myocardium (mid)

-endocardium (inner)

What part of the heart is responsible for the pumping action?

myocardium

Coronary blood vessels are supplied from what vessel?

aorta

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for systemic systolic pressure?

LV - I am pretty sure its this one pg 559

LA

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pulmonary systolic pressure?

RV

Know the sequence of conduction system component in the firing heart?

What are S1 heart sounds caused by?

S1 is caused by

• Occurs during ventricular contraction

• AV valves closing

What are S2 heart sounds caused by?

• Occurs during ventricular relaxation

• Semilunar valves closing

What is a murmur?

abnormal heart sound

Know the ECG?

• Recording of electrical changes in the myocardium

• Used to assess heart's ability to conduct impulses

• Most important features

• P wave, represent the depolarization (contraction) of the atria

• QRS complex represents the depolarization (contraction) of the

ventricles

• T wave, represents the re-polarization (relaxation) of the ventricles

after a contraction

• Re-polarization of the atria cannot be seen because

it happens at the same time the ventricles contract

(DRAW IT)

What do the waves in a normal ECG mean?

That the heart beat is normal?

Draw it

Know how diagnosed abnormal ECG?

Draw the abnormal ones

• Ventricular fibrillation

-Rapid, uncoordinated depolarization

of ventricles

• Tachycardia

- Rapid heartbeat

• Atrial flutter

- Rapid rate of atrial depolarization

Know the 3 major intake vessels for the right atrium?

inferior vena cava

superior vena cava

coronary sinus

Know the major layers of a blood vessels wall.

Endothelium - The inner layer of an artery

Tunica Media - The middle layer of an artery

Tunica Adventitia - The outer layer of an artery

What happens in capillaries?

• Sites of exchange of substances between blood and body cells

How is blood pressure regulated ?

Dilating arterioles help regulate blood pressure

What is the major parasympathetic nerve to the heart?

Vagus nerve

What exactly causes blood to flow from one heart chamber to another?

pressure differential

What component of blood accounts for the largest proportion of the blood volume?

A. Platelets

B. Red blood cells

C. Plasma

D. White blood cells

C

Destruction of red blood cells; toxic chemicals are one possible cause

hemolytic anemia

Defective gene leads to abnormally shaped RBCs in conditions of low oxygen

sickle cell anemia

Damage to bone marrow due to toxic chemicals, radiation, and other factors

aplastic anemia

The kidney hormone that stimulates red blood cell production is called __________.

Erythropoietin

what kind of WBC is this?

Neutrophils

neutrophils

• small, light purple granules in acid-base stain

• lobed nucleus; 2-5 sections

• called PMN’s polymorphonuclear leukocytes

• first to arrive as infection site

• strong phagocytes

• 54-62% of leukocytes

• elevated in bacterial infections

what type of WBC is this?

Eosinophils

Eosinophils

• course granules; stain deep red in acid stain

• Bi-lobed nucleus

• moderate allergic reactions sometimes allergies and asthma

• defend against parasitic worm infections

• 1-3% of leukocytes '

what type of WBC is this?

basophil

basophil

• large granules; stain deep blue in basic stain

• granules can obscure view of nucleus

• release histamine to stimulate inflammation

• release heprain to stop blood from clotting

• < 1% of leukocytes

• similar to eosinophils in size and shape of nuclei

what type of WBC is this?

monocyte

monocytes

• largest of the WBC’s

• spherical, kidney shaped, oval or lobed nuclei

• agranulocuytes

• leave bloodstream to become macrophages

• 3-9% of leukocytes

• live for week-months

• phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, debris

what type of WBC is this?

lymphocytes

lymphocytes

• slightly larger than RBC’s, smallest WBC (often found in lymph tissue)

• large spherical nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm

• agranulocytes

• T cells and B cells are major types; both important in immunity

• T cells directly attack pathogens, tumor cells

• B cells produce antibodies

• 25-33% of leukocytes

• may live for years

Chemicals released by damaged cells, white blood cells, and platelets act to attract white blood cells to the area.  What is this attraction called?

• Diapedesis

• Agglutination

• Inflammation

• Positive chemotaxis

Positive chemotaxis

diapedesis

W B C s can squeeze between the cells of a capillary wall and leave blood vessel; then migrate toward infection site. (help of cell adhesion molecules)

Phagocytosis

Engulfing and digestion of pathogens; neutrophils and monocytes are most mobile and active phagocytes

Inflammatory response

Reaction that restricts spread of infection; promoted by basophils, by secretion of heparin and histamine; involves swelling and increased capillary permeability.

What results when a patient with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood?

• Agglutination of the donor red blood cells

• Adherence of platelets to donor red blood cells

• Agglutination of the recipient's red blood cells

• Coagulation involving donor red blood cells

C

What is the name of the condition in which there is a deficiency in red blood cells or in the amount of hemoglobin

anemia

Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count; results in decreased blood clotting and bruising.

Thalassemia

Deficiency of hemoglobin due to defective gene; short life-span for RBCs.

An excessive number of white blood cells is classified as

leukocytosis: High WBC count (>10,500/ μL)
Acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids

Protein that maintains osmotic pressure

albumin

Protein that functions in blood clotting

fibrinogen

Plasma nutrients

Vitamins, lipids, sugars, and amino acids used in metabolic processes

thrombin

Name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Describe the role of plasmin.

Breaks down fibrin, dissolving the clot

What results when a type A patient receives a transfusion of type B blood?

Agglutination of the donor red blood cells

Percentage of RBCs is called the:

hematocrit or packed red cells

White blood cells (Leukocytes, WBCs):

-Protect against disease
-WBCs are produced in red bone marrow, under control of hormones: interleukins and colony-stimulating factors

Platelets (thrombocytes)

-pieces of cytoplasm
-Produced by hemocytoblasts because of hormone, thrombopoietin
-Release serotonin

Hemostasis

stop bleeding

Platelet plug formation

Triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen
Platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug

Extrinsic clotting mechanism:

Triggered by blood coming in contact with tissues outside of blood vessels.
-Damaged tissues release tissue thromboplastin (factor III),
-Thrombin converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads
Fibrin threads stick to damaged blood vessel surfaces, and trap blood cells and platelets

Intrinsic clotting mechanism:

Activated when blood comes in contact with foreign surface.
-formation of a fibrin mesh and a blood clot

thrombus

abnormal blood clot that forms in a blood vessel

embolus

blood clot moving through the blood vessels

Thrombosis

Blood clot in a vessel supplying a vital organ (brain, heart)

Infarction

Death of tissues which have blocked blood vessels due to blood clot formation

Embolism

Blood clot that travels, and then blocks a blood vessel in an organ (such as pulmonary embolism in lungs

Antigen

Any molecule that evokes an immune response

Antibodies

Proteins that react against a specific antigen

Rh positive:

Presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens

Agglutination

Clumping of RBCs, which occurs when an antibody (in recipient's plasma) encounters its specific antigen (on donor RBCs)

Rh negative

Lack of the Rh antigens

Pulmonary Circuit

Transports oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs, and back to heart
In lungs, blood picks up O2 and drops off CO2

Systemic Circuit

Transports oxygen-rich blood from heart to all body cells, and back to heart

Location of the heart:

-Posterior to the sternum
-The base lies beneath the 2nd rib
-The apex lies at the 5th intercostal
sits on diaphram

Ventricles

: thick-walled lower chambers; pump blood into arteries

Atria

thin-walled upper chambers; receive blood returning to heart