Exam 1: RBC/Anemia

platelets

(thrombocytes) clotting factors

anemia

oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced

factors that could indicate anemia

-decreased hemoglobin

-decreased hematocrit

-decreased RBC

anemia can be caused by

increased destruction or RBC

decreased production of RBC

excessive blood loss

aplastic anemia

caused by aplasia of bone marrow or its destruction by chemical agents or other physical factors

aplasia

failure of an organ or tissue to develop normally

-penia

decrease in number of cells

pancytopenia

deficiency of all types of blood cells

-cytosis or -philia

increase in number of cells

hemolysis

destruction of RBC in vivo or in vitro

hemolytic anemia

caused by increased desctruction or shortened life span of RBC

intracorpuscular vs extracorpuscular

intra: inside causing factor

extra: outside causing factor

hematopoiesis

process of blood cell production and development

a decrease in oxygen leads to an _____ in blood cell production

increase

EPO

comes from the kidney; signals for RBC production; stimulated from low O2

extramedullary hematopoiesis

hematopoiesis outside bone marrow (e.g., spleen); kidney usually the problem

where does hematopoiesis occur

in utero: in the yolk sac

after birth: bone marrow

long bones are the site of hematopoiesis until

20 years of age

After 20 years of age hematopoiesis

occurs more in the flat bones, vertebrae, pelvis

stem cells

pluripotent; high self-renewal capacity

2 types of wbcs

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

How long does it take reticulocytes to mature?

erythrocytes mature in 1-2 days in the peripheral circulation

what two RBCs are in the peripheral blood pool

mature erythrocytes

polychromatic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)

Pronormoblast (rubriblast)

largest precursor cell; large nucleus!!

Basophilic Normoblast (Prorubricyte)

smaller nuclei; slightly more cytoplasm

Polychromoatophilic Normoblast (Rubricyte)

cytoplasm pink, darker middle, Hgb is evident; eject nucleus

mature erythorcytes

flat middle

RBC feedback control

tissue hypoxia -> absence of RBC -> bodily need -> signal → kidney→ EPO→ bone→ RBCs

life span of RBC

120 days

what tube is used for a peripheral blood smear

tubes w/ anticoagulant EDTA

benefit of Wrights stained smear

cells are easier to count

fishbone

shorthand way of displaying labs and normal ranges

MCV

size of cell (80-100)

MCH

weight of Hgb per cell

MCHC

concentration of Hgb per cell

RDW

range of size of cells (immature vs mature)

T/F anemia is an isolated diagnosis

F : there is always a cause of anemia

Types of anemia

microcytic (<80)

normocytic (80-100)

macrocytic (>100)

hypochromic

less red

most common normocytic anemia cause

acute or chronic blood loss

thalassemia

structural problem

anisocytosis

cells having a variety of sizes

poikilocytosis

variety of shapes

hemoconcentration can indicate sever dehydration when

more RBC than normal

reticulocytes (special stain)

dark blue dots or thin irregular linear structures

Heinz bodies

small, scattered blue doglike structures in RBC

pappenheimer bodies

small, irregular magenta granules that occurs in small groups

Howell-Jolly bodies

small, round, blue/black inclusions that occur singly or doubly in an eccentric position

Basophilic stippling

small dark blue doglike structure scattered uniformly throughout the RBC

rouleaux

cells partially adhering to eachother; stacking apperance

stomatocytes

cells that have a rectangular or slit-like central pale area

target cells

banded

acanthocytes

cell with normal or slightly reduced size possessing 3-8 finger like projections distributed irregularly along membrane

schistocytes

small bizarre shaped cell fragments

tear drop cells

look like tear drops

ovalocyte/elliptocyte

oval/egg shaped/elongated cells

helmet (bite cells)

cells with distinctive projections (usually 2) surrounding an empty area

burr cells

cells with 10-30 rounded spicules evenly spaced over cells surface

spherocytes

spherical cells with decrease surface membrane which appear microcytic and hyperchromic