Lab Review: Measurements, Organic Chemistry, Enzymes, and Osmosis

Vocabulary flashcards covering lab measurements, organic chemistry assays, enzyme kinetics, diffusion, and osmosis dynamics.

Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Formula

$$F = (C \times 1.8) + 32$$

Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion Formula

$$C = \frac{F - 32}{1.8}$$

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules made out of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

Monosaccharides

Building blocks for complex carbohydrates.

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides.

Proteins

made of complex chains of amino acids.

Lipids

made of carbon, hydrogen, and low amounts of oxygen.

Benedict's reagent

A blue solution used to detect simple or reducing sugars.

Iodine

A reddish-brown indicator solution that turns blue-black in the presence of starch.

Sudan IV solution

A solution that detects lipids by dissolving in them and staining them red.

Peptide bond

The link formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.

Polypeptide chain

A chain formed by linking amino acids together with peptide bonds.

Biuret reagent

A blue solution containing sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate used to test for proteins.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts, most often proteins

Catalyst

Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed

Catalase

An enzyme that breaks down toxic hydrogen peroxide into safe water and oxygen.

Positive Catalase Reaction

A reaction indicated by the formation of oxygen gas bubbles.

Negative Catalase Reaction

A reaction indicated by no bubbles or little bubbles.

Induced-fit theory

Enzymes mold to tightly fit a binding substrate

Enzyme-Substrate Complex Equation

$$E + S \rightarrow ES \rightarrow E + P_1 + P_2$$

Enzyme-substrate complex

The temporary structure formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators.

Concentration gradient

The difference in amount of molecules between two areas.

Dynamic equilibrium

molecules are evenly spread out and move equally in all directions.

Selectively permeable membrane

A cell barrier that lets some things pass through but blocks others.

Factors Affecting Diffusion Rate

size, weight and temperature of a molecule

Potassium Permanganate vs. Methylene Blue Diffusion

Potassium permanganate diffuses faster than methylene blue because it is smaller/lighter.

Passive Transport

Molecules moving from high to low concentration requiring no energy

Active Transport

Movement of molecules from low to high concentration requiring energy.

Osmosis

Water moving through a membrane from high to low water concentration.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with more solute outside the cell, causing water to move OUT.

Hypotonic Solution

Less solute outside the cell, causing water to move IN.

Isotonic Solution

Equal solute concentration, causing water to move IN and OUT equally.

Crenation

Shrinking of an animal cell in a hypertonic solution.

Plasmolysis

a plant cell membrane shrinking away from its cell wall in an isotonic solution.

Turgid

Firm and swollen condition of a plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution.

Flaccid

Limp condition of a plant cell placed in an isotonic solution.

10% Sugar Tubing Virtual Lab Results

0% solution gained the most mass, 5% solution gained some mass, 10% solution had no mass change, 15% solution lost mass, and control had no mass change.