Chapter 9 - The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown

Louis IX

, the French monarch, was a zealous supporter of the church, as seen by his two catastrophic Crusades, which earned him sainthood.

biblical ideal of simplicity

As early as the late twelfth century, heretical organizations such as the Cathars and Waldensians invoked the and detachment from the world.

Boniface

strongly opposed English and French clergy taxes, seeing it as an infringement on established clerical privileges.

Royal Assault

The on Papal Authority When Boniface became Pope in 1294, France and England were on the verge of war.

Rota Romana

The papacy established its own law court, the , during Urban IV (r. 1261- 1264), which regulated and consolidated the church's legal operations.

Pope Innocent III

ordered in 1215 that the clergy were not to pay taxes to monarchs without the approval of the Pope.

secular interests

The pope became a strong political entity in the thirteenth century, regulated by its own law and tribunals, supported by an efficient international bureaucracy, and focused with .

system of clerical taxation

The was refined in the later part of the thirteenth century; what began in the twelfth century as an emergency expedient to obtain finances for the Crusades became a permanent institution.

Innocent

had developed the theory of papal plenitude of power and used it to make saints, dispose of benefices, and establish a centralized papal monarchy with a clearly political agenda.