SPA 222: Module 4

Pharynx

Another word for throat

Source-Filter Theory (by Gunner Fant-1960)

• The idea is when you have air coming up (creating sound that doesn’t use vocal folds) and being shaped by the whole vocal tract

• Amplifying parts of the sound

• We sound different because our vocal tracts are all different (if you gain or lose weight, you can sound differently)

• Has power, source, and a filter

Power of Source-Filter Theory

Lungs provide the air pressure

Source of the Source-Filter Theory

Larynx

Filter of the Source-Filter Theory

How air is shaped once it leaves the larynx and goes into the upper pharynx

Vocal Tract

• An acoustic concept

• What is responsible for changing/shaping the sound energy into the distinctive sound of speech

Articulation

• Two elements coming together

• For us, the articulatory system is made up of mobile and immobile articulators

• Purpose is to shape sound

Mobile Articulator Examples (9):

• Tongue (largest and most frequently used articulator)

• Lips

• Jaw (mandible)

• Cheeks

• Soft palate (velum)

• Larynx

• Hyoid bone

• Pharynx (throat)

• Fauces

Immobile Articulator Examples (3):

• Teeth

• Hard palate

• Alveolar ridge of your maxillae

Resonance

• Vibration at a preferred or natural frequency

• Talk about 2 different types:

  • Oral

  • Nasal

Turbulence Noise Production

• A type of noise used in a class of sounds called fricatives

• This type of noise typically only occurs at the beginning of words

Examples of Turbulence Noise Production

• “S“ sound is voiceless (vocal folds are abducted)

• “Z” sound is voiced (vocal folds are adducted)

• Words: zoo, sauce

Aerodigestive Tract

• Upper respiratory tract

• Upper part of the digestive tract

• Common pathways of respiratory and digestive tract

  • Mouth

  • Pharynx

  • Larynx

Nasal Cavities

• Entire region from tip of nose, to eye, to back of throat (triangular shape)

• Runs laterally

• Mucus membrane fills nose

• Right and a left

Nasal Septum

• Divides the nasal cavity between right and left halves

• Composed into 3 parts:

  • Cartilage

  • Ethmoid bone

  • Vomer

Cartilage of Nasal Septum

• Tip of nose that you can wiggle

• Forms anterior portion of nasal septum

Ethmoid Bone of Nasal Septum

• Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

Vomer

• A single plate of bone

What makes up the floor of ¾ of the nasal cavity?

• Part of the maxilla

• Vomer sits in a groove that sits on top of the hard palate

What makes up the roof of the nasal cavity?

• Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Nasal Concha

• Concha is another word for shell

• 3 distinct nasal concha on the medial surface in the nasal cavity

• Superior and middle bone are part of ethmoid bone

• Inferior concha is by itself

• Right and a left

• The space would be too big without concha between mucus membrane and cilia, so it would not filter well

• Helps to filter

• Widest space is between hard palate and inferior concha

Meatus

Tube or passageway

Which meatus is important clinically for assessing swallowing via a FEES?

Inferior meatus

Nares

• Another word for nostrals

Vomer

• Bone located at the base of nasal cavity

• What helps make a portion of the bony nasal septum

Inferior Nasal Conchae (Inferior Turbinate Bones)

• Consisting of two pairs of bones

  • Concha

  • Turbinate

• Lowest conchae

• Primary function is to support filtering air

Maxilla

• These are paired bones which form the entire upper jaw, a portion of the roof of the mouth, the floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbital cavity

• Right and a left maxilla

• Makes up the whole midsection of the face and part of hard palate

• Supports eye orbit

• Consists of 4 processes: 

  • Zygomatic process

  • Alveolar process

  • Palatine process

  • Frontal process

Zygomatic Process

• Part of maxilla

• Articulated with the zygomatic bone

Alveolar Process

• Part of maxilla

• The spongy part of the maxilla that houses the teeth (upper teeth)

Palatine Process

• Part of maxilla

• Right and a left

• Come together to create  ¾ anterior part of the hard palate

• Palatine bones are posterior to it

Frontal Process

• Part of maxilla

• The vertical ridge

• Articulates with the frontal bone

• Makes up side wall of nose and eye orbit

Palatine Bones

• Located in back part of nasal cavity

• Make up posterior ¼ of the hard palate

• Make up part of side walls of the nasal cavity

• Right and a left

• Note: Palatine bones contribute to the formation of 3 cavities:

  • The floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity

  • The roof of the mouth

  • The floor of the orbital cavity

Nasal Bones

• 2 small plates of bone that form the bridge of the nose

Zygomatic Bones

• Right and a left

• Help form your cheek bones

Lacrimal Bones

• Smallest bone of face

• Form part of medial wall of the eye orbit

Mandible

• Also known as the jaw bone

• Technically one bone, but in utero, it is two bones that fuse together

• Parts:

  • Body

  • Alveolar Process

  • Mental Symphysis

  • Ramus

  • Coronoid Process

  • Condylar Process

What is an interesting note about the mandible at birth?

• During the first year of life, your mandible is super soft and pretty non-existent (very tiny)

Body of Mandible

• Makes up bulk of bone

What does the alveolar process do?

• Has teeth

• The development of teeth changes shape of jaw bone

Mental Symphysis

• Mental is another word for chin

• Where the two halves come together and they fuse in the front

Ramus

• Ramus means branch

• Part of mandible that includes the angle

• At superior portion you have very important processes:

  • Coronoid process

  • Condylar process

Coronoid Process

• Sharp flat pillar of bone

Condylar Process

• Perpendicular to coronoid process (horizontal)

• Part of mandible that actually attaches to the skull

Frontal Bone

• Protects the brain

• Supports the face

• Contains many parts

• Consists of 2 portions:

  • Squamous portion

  • Orbital portion

Squamous Portion

• The vertical portion around the region of the forehead

Orbital Portion

• Horizontal portion

• Helps make roof of eye socket

• Makes roof of nasal cavity

Parietal Bone

• Right and a left

• Makes up roof and sides of the skull

Occipital Bone

• Trapezoidal in shape

• Located at the posterior side of the skull

• Has one major landmark:

  • Foramen magnum

Foramen Magnum - What is this hole for?

• Spinal cord goes through

Temporal Bone

• Paired bone

• Right and a left

• Has 5 parts that we are talking about:

  • Squamous portion

  • Petrous portion

  • Mastoid portion

  • Tympanic portion

  • Styloid process

Squamous Portion of the Temporal Bone

• Contains the zygomatic process

• Articulates with the zygomatic bone

Zygomatic Arch

• Squamous portion of temporal bone + zygomatic process of the maxilla + zygomatic bone = zygomatic arch

• Can have layers of muscle [deep and superficial muscles] can go through)

Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone

• Petrous means stone —> hard

• Contains the inner ear

Mastoid Portion of Temporal Bone

• Feel right behind your ear

• Bony projection

• Attachment point for sternocleidomastoid muscle

• The bone is not solid —> mastoid air cells in it

• Location for bone conduction

What are mastoid air cells important for clinically?

• Important for ear inflections

• If it is not treated, you can develop meningitis because they can eat through the air cells

Tympanic Portion

• The opening for your EAM (external auditory meatus)

Styloid Process

• Suspends hyoid bone

• Serves of point of attachment for three muscles and two ligaments

Ethmoid Bone

• Located at the top of the nose between eye sockets

• Supports the nose and eye sockets

• Very, very complicated

• Separates brain and nose

• Supports the olfactory system

Role of Crista Galli

• Can shear underside of brain in accidents

• Pull the dura mater

Sphenoid Bone

• Located at the base of the skull, behind the eye socket

• Complicated

• Helps create part of eye socket

• Contains:

  • Body

  • Greater wings

  • Lesser wings

  • Ptyregoid processes

What broad group of muscles attach to the sphenoid?

• Palate

• Pharynx

What gland sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?

• Pituitary gland

Function of the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossa:

• Space where the brain is located

Which lobes of the brain are associated with each fossa?

• Anterior —> frontal lobe

• Middle —> temporal lobe

• Posterior —> occipital lobe

What is a sinus?

• The bones have hollowed out regions, called the sinuses

What are the names of the 4 pairs of sinuses?

• Frontal sinuses

• Maxillary sinuses

• Ethmoid sinuses

• Sphenoid sinuses

Where do the sinuses drain?

• Ethmoid, maxillary, and frontal sinuses drain inferiorly to the middle concha

• Sphenoidal sinuses drain superiorly to the superior concha

• Exercise can change air pressure

What are the 4 purposes of sinuses?

1. Reduces the weight of our head

2. Warms and humidify the air; the air that gets to your lungs is 100% humidified

3. Increases the resonance of speech

4. Help absorb the shock during a trauma

The oral cavity’s primary biological role is related to what?

• To eating

• Actually begins the digestive process

• Chewing

What are ptyalin and amylase?

• Enzymes that begin the breakdown of food

What 2 non-biological roles does the oral cavity play?

1. The mouth modifies that resonant characteristics of the vocal tract by the way of the articulators (speech)

2. Lips can be a mediator of facial expressions

Lips: What is the vermilion zone?

• The transitional area between the skin of the face and the mucus membranes

Why are your lips a different color than the skin of your face?

• Because of the epithelial layer of your lips have a higher concentration of eleidin

• Lips can be blue when you do not have enough oxygen

What is eleidin?

• Increases tissue transparency, so you can see underlying vascular nature of the lips

What is the relationship of the philtrum and the two columella?

• The philtrum is the vertical groove connecting the superior portion of the vermilion zone to the inferior portion of the cartilaginous nasal septum

• On either side of the vermilion, there is a small vertical ridge called the columella

Which lip is more mobile?

• The lower lip because it is connected to your mandible, so when your jaw moves, your lower lip moves

Why do the lips have a large number of movements associated with them?

• Most of the muscles of facial expression insert into the lips

What are some sounds that the lips directly influence?

• Bilabial: b (vocal folds are adducted), p (vocal folds are abducted), m

• Labiodental: f (voiceless), v (voiced)

• Vowels: a, e, i, o, u

What is on the external surface of the cheeks?

• Contains skin

What internally lines the cheeks?

• Mucus membrane

What is a suckling pad?

• Prominent pad of fat

• Babies should get a lot of fat in their diet (it helps with development)

Oral Mucosa - 3 Types

• Lining mucosa

• Masticatory mucosa

• Specialized mucosa

Lining Mucosa

• The part of the mucosa that should have a shiny appearance (means you have enough moisture in the mouth)

• Like it to be pinkish

Masticatory Mucosa

• Found on the gingiva of your teeth

• Found on hard palate

• Designed to withstand the grinding of chewing

Specialized Mucosa

• Covers the dorsum (part that you can see when you stick out your tongue) of the tongue

• Contains your taste buds

Parotid Salivary Gland

• Massive

• Underneath the skin

• Secretes the saliva in your oral cavity opposite your second molar

Submandibular Salivary Glands

• Underside of mandible

• Squirt into the floor of the mouth

• Right and a left

Sublingual Salivary Glands

• Under the tongue

• Squirt into the floor of the mouth

• Right and a left

What is the lingual frenulum?

• The membrane that connects the bottom of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

• Folds of tissue

Why do you think that saliva is important for both speech and swallowing?

• For speech, when you talk a lot or nervous your articulators get dry (may stick together)

• For swallowing, you have to have saliva to swallow

Orbicularis Oris

• Ring of muscle within the lips that forms a sphincter at the oral end of the pharyngeal oral apparatus

• Had 2 distinct parts:

  • Intrinsic: Fibers that start in the lips and end in the lips; can result in lips moving towards one another both inferiorly and superiorly and laterally to medially; can cause the corners of the mouth to go up or down or lateral; assist with pulling the lips against the teeth

  • Extrinsic: Typically start outside of the lips and insert into the lips

Transverse Facial Muscles (2):

1. Buccinator

2. Risorius

Buccinator Muscle and Function:

• Forms part of the cheek

• Function: To pull the corner of the mouth backwards and towards the side; it can force the lips and cheeks against the adjacent teeth

Risorius Muscle and Function:

• Transverse facial muscle that influences the lips

• Superficial to buccinator

• 2 Functions:

  • To pull the corner of the mouth backwards and towards the side

  • It can force the lips and cheeks against adjacent teeth

Angular Facial Muscles (5):

1. Levator Labii Superior

2. Levator Labii Superior Alaeque Nasi

3. Zygomatic Major

4. Zygomatic Minor

5. Depressor Labii Inferioris

Levator Labii Superior Function:

• Function: elevates the upper lip; evert the upper lip

Levator Labii Superior Alaeque Nasi Functions:

1. Elevate the upper lip

2. Dilate the anterior nare on the corresponding side

Zygomatic Major and Functions:

• Starts on zygomatic bone and inserts into the corner of the mouth

• Functions:

  • Pulls the corner of the mouth backward

  • Lifts the corner of the mouth up and to the side

Zygomatic Minor and Functions:

• Deeper and smaller than zygomatic major muscle

• Functions:

  • Pulls the corner of the mouth backward

  • Lifts the corner of the mouth up and to the side

Depressor Labii Inferioris Functions:

1. To pull the lower lip down and towards the side

2. May cause the lower lip to turn out