INTRO TO PSYCH REVIEWERS (PSYCHNOTES)

Describe Behavior

detailed characterization of responses, actions and reactions of humans when encountering a certain situation or phenomenon.

A person’s calm reaction towards a picture of a dog may be different to his trembling and fearful reaction to an actual dog.

Understand and explain behavior

includes gathering sufficient details about it and organizing it in order to give reason why the behavior exists. This also involves making inferences on how the behavior developed, referring to Psychological principles and theories that can best explain the behavior.

The trauma experienced by an individual bitten by a dog during his childhood can explain his fearful response whenever seeing a dog.

identify factors that help predict behavior

Gaining knowledge and understanding about human behavior allows us to anticipate triggers that can either heighten maladaptive behavior or relieve experienced discomfort.

Through the detailed analysis of previous behaviors, individuals can be made aware on how to alleviate anxieties of daily living by foreseeing triggers and helping them to prevent these. Knowing that an individual fears dogs, we can predict that he will never enter a friend’s house who owns a dog.

Control or change behavior

Knowing the reasons why a certain behavior is performed and predicting when and where it will occur is not sufficient to ensure that the individual will be able to improve quality of life. The very purpose of Psychology lies in its last **goal, which aims to enhance daily living by being able to control, influence, and if possible, change the maladaptive behaviors into adaptive one.**

This is where mental health experts come in. Through the use of psychotherapy and counseling techniques, individuals are helped to alter these maladaptive behaviors so they can maximize their living.

Animisim

It is the gods and spirits who were attributed to be the direct cause of events and activities of man

Trephination

It is theorized that early cultures used trephination to release spirits from a person or as a cure for convulsions and headaches.

Democritus

theorized that the human mind is composed of atoms, which penetrate in and out of our system.

Plato

believed that the soul is distinct to man and it is God-given

Element of reason, Spirited element, Element of bodily appetites and desire

Three distinct elements of soul

Element of reason

head (mind) for the rational thinking.

Spirited element

heart (emotions and passion)

diaphragm, biological needs

Element of bodily appetites and desire

Aristotle

Father of Psychology because he is the first person to put into writing his explanation pertaining the behavior of man.

Vegetative, Appetitive, Rational

Functions of the soul

Vegetative

basic maintenance of life.

Appetitive

desire and motives

Rational

Governs reason that is located in the heart

Hippocrates

Father of the medicine

■ First theorized that mental disorders arose from natural sources.

■ First to classify different mental disorders during the classical period.

Galen

■ Theorized the relation of temperament to physiological factors

■ Behavior may be attributed to humors or vital juices of the body or the bile

Sanguine

yellow - cheerfulness

Phlegmatic

green - sluggishness (slow)

Melancholic

black - sadness

Choleric

red - irascibility - (Quick-tempered, irritable)

Sanguine, Phlegmatic, Melancholic, Choleric

vital juices of the body or the bile

Augustine of Hippo

■ Introduced the method of introspection

■ Limitation: (Individual tries to describe his own conscious processes)

St. Thomas Aquinas

■ Belief that when the body dies, the soul separates and becomes a spirit.

Rudolf Gockel

Often attributed for the initial use of the term “Psychology” in his writing “Yucologia hoc est de hominis perfectione, anima, ortu.”

Francis Bacon

First proposed that psychology should separate from philosophy and psychology should be treated as a natural science - Naturalism.

Rene Descartes

Introduced the idea of dualism and the concept reflex action which indicates that the mind and body interact.

Mind, Body

dualism and the concept reflex action

\- They work together to make the individual functional.

Mind

\- spiritual entity

Body

\- Physical or material entity

Thomas Hobbes

Discomfort/pains must be overcome human beings are physical objects and sophisticated machines whose functions and activities can be described and explained in purely mechanistic terms.

John Locke, Tabula Rasa

- mind blank tablet/slate - that gathers its contents through the experiences that an individual will have in his entire life.

George Berkeley

the idea of an individual becomes true only to himself because this is the level of knowledge that he believes in

Christian Von Wolff

had his theory in reality.

Ontology, Metaphysics

Two parts of reality by Wolff

The universe, the soul, and God.

Three special subjects

David Hume

gave the difference between impressions and ideas, between created images and direct sensation

Franz Anton Mesmer

utilized the method of “Animal magnetism” in curing hysteria, which evolved to hypnosis.

Immanuel Kant

stated that the mind is not blank, but rather the mind is capable of acquiring knowledge through sensory experiences.

Johann Friedrich Herbart

was responsible for making psychology a science.

Ernst Weber

Pioneered areas abut the ideas that is necessary to be stimulated in order to be able to gain sensation.

Hermann von Helmholtz

Made the theory of color vision.

Charles Darwin

introduced the theory of evolution; introduced the concept of natural selection.

Gustav Fechner

had an insight that the law of the connection between the mind and the body can be found in a statement of quantitative relation between mental sensation and material stimulus.

Paul Broca

observed that the persons who suffered from damage to a specific are of the brain’s left hemisphere may lose their ability to speak fluently.

Francis Galton

father of behavioral genetics.

Willhelm Wundt

established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

■ Father of modern/Scientific psychology - 1879

William James

\- founder of American psychology, met with Wilhelm Wundt and went to publish a two volume book entitled, Principles of Psychology.

Emil Kraeplin

first to formally describe bipolar behavior.

■ “Manic depressive” - explain how mania and depression both affect the patient.

■ Father of Modern Psychiatry

Edward Titchener

studied under Wilhelm Wundt and went on to develop the idea of Structuralism.

Sigmund Freud

\- father of psychoanalysis

■ Underwent a thorough study of the unconscious mind and developed the psychoanalytic process of free association.

Carl Jung

\- developed his theory of the origin of neurosis. A neo freudian and established Analytic Psychology.

■ He gave emphasis on the importance of the collective unconscious as the basis of affect to behavior.

Alfred Adler

\- conceptualized the importance of superiority and inferiority as a factor that affects man’s existence.

Karen Horney

\- Made a theory that human beings have the “basic need for love and security” she stated that humans tend to feel anxious or agitated when they are alienated or isolated.

Karl Pearson

\- Major contribution to psychology through the statistical evaluation of human behavior. Apart from correlational analysis, Pearson developed the chi-squared statistic with intellectual encouragement of Galton.

Charles Spearman

\- “First systematic psychometrician” and father of classical test theory - pioneered the statistical technique called factor analysis and was able to discover a general actor (g) on correlations among mental tests

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

developed the First Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test

Ivan Pavlov

first experimental model of learning, classical conditioning.

William McDougall

exponent of hormic psychology, the central idea being that there is an end or purpose which goads us to action, without any real knowledge of its nature, and often without benefit or even thought of pleasure.

■ Theorized that human behavior is determined by both instinctive and intentional strivings.

Edward Thorndike

“father of educational psychology” known for his early animal studies and the founding principle of instrumental learning. “The law of Effect”

BF Skinner

he created Operant conditioning, contributed the system of operant conditioning of which in the idea the organism is in the process of operating on the environment, which in ordinary terms means it is bouncing around its world, doing what it does.

Structuralism

William James and Wilhelm Wundt

● Believed that the chief purpose of psychology was to describe, analyze, and explain conscious experience, particularly feelings and sensations,

● Believed in the importance of the structure of the mind. ● Introspection

Functionalism

John Dewey, William James, James Rowland Angell, and Harvey Carr.

● Retract the idea of structuralism

● Importance of “Function of the mind”

● Importance of functional adjustment of an organism to his environment.

Behaviorism

John B. Watson - introduced \[blank\] in 1913.

● Believed that observable behavior, not inner experience, was the only reliable source of information.

● Stressed the importance of the environment in shaping an individual's behavior.

● Chiefly looked for connections between observable behavior and stimuli from the environment.

● Ivan Pavlov - BF Skinner

Gestalt

Founded 1912 Max Wertheimer

● means “to Configure” or to form or pattern

● Believed that human beings and other animals perceive the external world as an organized pattern. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

● Behavior is determined by powerful inner forces most of which are buried in the unconscious mind.

● From early childhood, people repress (force out of conscious awareness) any desires or needs that are unacceptable to themselves or to society.

● Repressed feelings can cause personality disturbances, self-destructive behavior, or even physical symptoms.

● Freud developed _______ as a form of psychotherapy, theory of personality, and theory of development.

Cognitive Psychology

A theoretical perspective that focuses on the realms of human perception, thought and memory

Jean Piaget

believes that student learn better when they can invent knowledge through inquiry and experimentation instead of acquiring facts presented by a teacher in class.

Lev Vygotsky

emphasized the role of social interactions in knowledge construction.

Existentialist Psychology

believed in both free will and the uniqueness of the individual. Individual behaviors are not seen as evil or good, but neutral, interpreted only by the individual.

● Proponent: Brenato and Husseri.

Theoretical

\- based from proposed explanation or conclusion involves theories, concepts and basic principles.

Experimental

observations and experiments

Abnormal

- study the cause of behavioral disorders.

Physiological

\- study the functions of the different organs and systems of the body relating to behavior

Dynamic

\- interpretation of internal drives and motives.

Developmental

\- growth and development

Comparative

\- Behavior and mental processes of different species

Applied

Application of concepts, theories and principles.

Educational

Psychological principles to the problems of education

Industrial

\- business, firms and industries

Social

\- Study of people’s behavior in relation to society.

Counseling

\- alleviating and preventing mental illness

Clinical

\- Treatment of mental disorders

Forensic/Legal

\- law or legal proceedings

Psychometric

\- measurement of behavior and capacities through the psychological tests.

Biopsychology

\- the application of the principle of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior.

Physiological Psychology

the study of neural mechanisms of perception and behavior through direct manipulation of the brains of nonhuman animal subjects in controlled experiments.

Psychiatry

\- A branch of medicine which exists to study, prevent and treat mental disorders in human

Psychotherapy

\- pertains to the application of specialized psychological methods to the treatment of diagnosed mental disorders or to the problems of a person’s daily adjustment.

Psychotropics

\- a subfield of medicine that deals with the various pharmacological agents such as antidepressants, anti-anxiety, antimanic, and antipsychotic agent utilized toa affect behavior, mood and feelings.

Psychosurgery

\- a branch of medicine which involves the surgical severing and chemical alterations of brain fibers with the purpose of modifying psychological disturbances and other behavior aberrations

Social Psychology

\- merged the disciplines of Sociology and Anthropology.

Psycholinguistics/Psychology of Language

\- study of psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use and understand language

Introspection

study of oneself

Naturalistic Observation

method of examining and interpreting but never interfering with the behavior being studied.

method of examining and interpreting but never interfering with the behavior being studied.

\- direct observation; participates with the subject.

Survey

\- used when the investigator wants to investigate a larger group within a shorter time.

● May use tools such as questionnaires, inventories, schedules or interviews, opinionnaires or attitude scale.

Experimental Method

- Used to study behavior which can be brought into the laboratory and studied under controlled behavior

● Wilhelm Wundt First used this method in his laboratory in Germany at Leipzig University.