Module 1 - Cells As The Basis Of Life

What are some features of Prokaryotic cells?

Don't have membrane-bound organelles, DNA can be found in the nucleoid, and consists of genetic material, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane

What does cell theory suggest?

Cell theory suggests that all living organisms are composed of cells, all cells are produced from living cells, cells are the smallest living organisational unit

What are some features of Eukaryotic cells?

Has a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, DNA is contained within the nucleus, and is much more complex compared to Prokaryotic cells

What is the function of the nucleus?

The nucleus is the control centre of the cell and coordinates all of the cell's activities

Can the nucleus be found in a prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or both cells?

Eukaryotic

What is the role of ribosomes?

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis and translate the sequence of amino acids specified by the mRNA into proteins

Does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum have ribosomes attached?

No

What do the ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

Transports proteins produced by ribosomes into the golgi apparatus

What is the function of smooth ER?

The smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

The golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened, smooth membrane sacs called cisternaes which packs proteins into vesicles, modifies then, and sends them to their destination.

What is formed when proteins are produced in the rough ER once it reaches the golgi apparatus?

Vesicles are formed from each cisternae

What is the role of vesicles?

The vesicles transport the proteins from one cisternae to the next, where they are modified by the cell, or for transport out of the cell

Lysomes are the cell's _____________ unit that digests unwanted matter

recycling

Mitochondria is where what happens?

Cellular respiration

What is the purpose of the highly folded membrane structure of the mitochondria?

Increases the surface area for the chemical process to occur

What is cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is the process in which glucose is used to produce ATP, which can be used for energy

During cellular respiration, what is being released as waste?

Water and carbon dioxide

Chloroplasts are cells involved in ____________

photosynthesis

Chloroplasts contains a large amount of what pigment?

Chlorophyll

The chlorophyll gives the plant what?

Their green colour

Vacuole is membrane-bound. True or false?

True

What is the function of the vacuole?

A vacuole is a membrane-bound, liquid-filled space that stores enzymes and other organic and inorganic molecules. It also provides support in plants, and are used for storage and waste disposal.

What is the function of the cell wall?

The cell wall provides support, prevents expansion of the cell, and allows water and dissolved substances to pass through it.

The cell membrane is ___________ permeable.

selectively

What is the function of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane controls the exchange of material between the internal and external environments of the cell

What are the three proteins suspended within the bilayer of the cell membrane?

Transport, receptor, and glycoproteins

What is the function of the transport proteins within the cell membrane?

They act like passageways allowing specific substances to move across the membrane

What is the function of the receptor proteins within the cell membrane?

Causes the cell to respond to certain signals such as hormones

What is the function of the glycoproteins within the cell membrane?

Acts to identify the cells within the cell membrane. They are often called antigens or marker molecules

Are prokaryotes unicellular, multicellar, or both?

Unicellular

Are eukaryotes unicellular, multicellar, or both?

Both

A greater SA:V ratio results in what?

An increase in the rate at which materials can move across the surface

Where are light microscopes commonly found?

In schools

Both living and non-living organisms can be seen under a light microscope. True or false?

True

How does a light microscope produce images?

By passing a beam of light through a condenser lens then through the specimen

What is a fluorescent microscope used for?

A fluorescence microscope is used to examine cells, cellular structures, or any fluorescing materials, such as stains, dyes or antibodies, with fluorescent molecules

How do fluorescent microscopes produce images?

Filters are used to block out the exciting wavelength, allowing the light emitted by the fluorescing molecules to be seen against a black background

How do TEM microscopes work?

TEM microscopes work as electron beam travels through an ultrathin section of a specimen

Scanning microscopes can produce images with resolutions of up to _______________ magnification

x2,000,000

Prokaryotes are made up of two of the three domains of living things. What are they?

Bacteria and archaea

What are some examples of bacteria?

E.coli, cyanobacteria, and streptoccocus

What are some examples of archaea?

Methanogens, halogens, and thermophiles

What are the three domains of living things?

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Which groups of organisms are eukaryotes?

Protista, fungi, animalia, and plantae

What are some examples of protista?

Amoebas, paramecium, and algae

What are some examples of fungi?

Bread mold, yeast, and plant pathogens

What are some examples of animalia?

Dogs, cats, and humans

What are some examples of plantae?

Conifers, mosses, and ferns

What does the first principle of the cell theory suggest?

All living organisms are made up of cells

What does the second principle of the cell theory suggest?

The cell is the basic unit of life

What does the third principle of the cell theory suggest?

A new cell comes from a pre-existing cell

What does the fourth principle of the cell theory suggest?

All hereditary information is passed down from the parent cell to the daughter cell during cellular reproduction

What does the fifth principle of the cell theory suggest?

All cells have similar chemical composition

What does the sixth principle of the cell theory suggest?

Energy flow occurs within cells

What is the role of a palisade cell?

Light absorption and photosynthesis

What is the role of a red blood cell?

Oxygen transport

What is the role of a nerve cell?

Transmitting nerve impulses

What is the role of a sperm cell?

To combine with an egg cell in order to produce a zygote

What is the role of a ciliated cell?

Moving mucus

What is the role of a root hair cell?

Intake of water and minerals from soil

What is the role of the xylem vessel?

Transporting water

What is a specialised cell?

Specialised cells are cells that have been differentiated in order to perform a specific function

What is differentiation?

Differentiation is the process in which cells changes to become specialised

What are the features of a phospholipid molecule?

Hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails

Is the head of a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Hydrophilic

Are the tails of a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Hydrophobic

Define hydrophobic

Water-repelling

Define hydrophilic

Water-attracting

As the size of a cell decreases, the surface-area-to-volume ratio (SA:V) of the cell _________.

increases

The genetic material of prokaryotic cells is called what?

Genophore

Organisms within eukaryotic cells can reproduce in two ways. What are they?

Sexually and asexually

Define asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent and only requires one party in order to reproduce

Define sexual reproduction

In sexual reproduction, two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring

What is the role of a phospholipid?

Makes the cell membrane impermeable to water-soluble particles, ions, and polar molecules

What is the role of cholesterol within the cell membrane?

Gives stability to the cell membrane without affecting its fluidity as well as reducing permeability

What are permanent proteins within the cell membrane called?

Integral proteins

What are temporary proteins within the cell membrane called?

Peripheral proteins

Where can peripheral proteins be found?

Bounded on integral proteins or attached to the inner or outer surface of the phospholipid layer

Gated proteins require what in order to open?

They require a specific signal, usually a ligand, in order to open

What are ligands?

Ligands bind to larger structures in order to send a signal that triggers structural change within the structure

When carbohydrates bind to protruding proteins, what do they form?

Glycoproteins

Carbohydrates play a role in what?

They play a role in recognition and adhesion between cells

What is passive transport?

Passive transport involves motion from a region of high concentration to low concentration

What is active transport?

Active transport involves motion from a region of low concentration to high concentration

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are examples of?

Passive transport

Does passive transport require energy?

No

Does active transport require energy?

Yes

Does active transport require energy?

Yes

Active transport only occurs through __________ proteins

carrier

What is osmosis?

The movement of water by diffusion from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semi-permeable membrane

The pressure causing the water to move along this gradient is called the?

Osmotic pressure

What is osmotic gradient?

The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable from a diluted to a concentrated solution along the concentration gradient

Is the cell membrane permeable to water?

Yes

Define isotonic

Has the same concentration of a solute as in the cell

Define hypertonic

Has a higher concentration of a solute as in the cell

Define hypotonic

Has lower concentration of a solute as in the cell

What are channel proteins?

Channel proteins are tubular shaped, acting as a passageway for the molecules to pass from one side of the membrane to the other

Channel proteins are embedded within the ___________ __________.

phospholipid bilayer

Channel proteins facilitate ___________ transport

passive

What is the role of carrier proteins?

Carrier proteins allow selective and regulated movement of molecules essential for cell function, including nutrients and ions