GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERMS

SOGIESC

Sexual Orientation

Gender Identity

Gender Expression

Sex Characteristics

Heterosexual (Straight)

Attracted to people of the opposite gender

Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian)

Attracted to people of the same gender

Bisexual

Attracted to more than one gender

Pansexual

Attracted to people regardless of gender

Asexual

No sexual attraction to others

Queer

A broad, reclaimed term for non-heterosexual orientations

Sexual orientation

refers to who you are emotionally, romantically, or sexually attracted to.

Gender Identity

is a person’s internal understanding or sense of their own gender — whether they see themselves as male, female, both, neither, or somewhere along the spectrum.

Cisgender

Gender identity aligns with sex assigned at birth

Transgender

Gender identity does not align with sex assigned at birth

Non-binary

Does not identify exclusively as male or female

Genderfluid

Gender identity shifts or changes over time

Agender

No gender identity or neutral gender identity

Gender expression

refers to how a person outwardly presents their gender through appearance, behavior, clothing, hairstyle, voice, and body language.

Masculine

More traditionally associated with men

Feminine

More traditionally associated with women

Androgynous

A blend or neutral style between masculine and feminine

misogyny

dislike of, contempt for, or ingrained prejudice against women.

Sex characteristics

are the biological and physical attributes typically associated with being male or female — but which can vary greatly among individuals.

Intersex

–A person who has both male and female reproductive.

GENDER

Social construction

resulted from the

sociocultural influences

along the process of an

individual’s development.

GENDER IDENTITY

• can be affected by social various

factors and may also appear

different from one society to

another.

• can be influenced from the ethnic

origin of the group, their traditional

practices, and beliefs as salient

framework of their cultural

background like family values and

religion.

Prejudice

a set of unreasonable

attitudes, more likely unfavorable, towards

members of a particular group.

Discrimination

an overt negative

behaviors towards a person based on his or

her membership in a group.

Sexism

to any bias against an

individual or group based on the

individual’s or group’s sex

Gender discrimination

behavior

associated to sexism against an individual as

indicative stereotyped beliefs against

women, in particular.

Stereotypes

baseless assumptions

about the characteristics, attitudes,

and behaviors of members of certain

groups and most of them are

sociocultural beliefs.

SOCIETY

A group of individuals, which is

characterized by common interest and may

have distinctive culture and institutions.

• For religious, benevolence, cultural,

scientific, political, patriotic, or other

purposes to obtain a common goal.

• Human beings are inherently and essentially

social creatures

societé

FRENCH WORD OF SOCIETY

societas

LATIN WORD FOR SOCIETY

company

FRENCH WORD OF SOCIETY WHICH MEANS

fellowship," "alliance," or "association

LATIN WORD FOR SOCIETY WHICH MEANS

SOCIETY

- Complex whole with interdependent

parts

- the actual arrangement of social

relations

CULTURE

- Attribute characteristics of a

community

- consists of belief and symbolic forms

• Hunter and gatherers

• Simple agricultural

• Advanced agricultural

• Industrial

Four levels of societies based

on their level of technology,

communication, and economy

Hunter-gatherer bands

which are generally egalitarian

(unrestricted/free)

Tribal societies

in which there are some limited instances of social

rank and prestige

Chiefdoms

stratified structures led by chieftains

Civilizations

which complex social hierarchies and organized,

institutional governments

BAND SOCIETY

• Simplest form of human society

• Consists of small kinship group (often not

larger than an extended family or small

class

• Informal leadership

• Customs are almost always transmitted

orally

• Formal institutions are few or non-existent

• Religion is based on family tradition,

individual experience, or counsel from a

shaman

• Smaller and less permanent than tribe

CLAN

• Group of people united by kinship and descent

• Even if actual lineage patterns are unknown, clan members nonetheless

recognize a founding member or “apical ancestor”

• Some clans share a “stipulated” common ancestor, which is a symbol of the

clan’s unity

• When the ancestor is not a human, this is referred to a totem.

• Kinship differs from biological relations, as it also involves adoption, marriage

fictive genealogical ties.

• Sub-groups of tribes and usually constitute groups of seven to ten thousand

people.

TRIBE

• A social division within a

traditional society consisting of a

group of interlinked families or

communities sharing a common

culture and dialect.

• Modern tribe is typically associated

with a seat of traditional authority

(tribal leader) with whom the

representatives of external powers

interact.

• “ethnic group”

ETHNIC GROUP

• Human population whose members

identify with each other, usually on the

bases of a presumed common genealogy

or lineage.

• United by common cultural, behavioral,

linguistic, or religious practices

• A cultural community

• The term is preferred over tribe as it

overcame the negative connotations that

the term tribe as acquired under

colonialism

CHIEFDOM

(e.g. Brazilian

Indian chiefs)

• Any community led by an individual known as chief.

• A form of social organization more complex than a tribe,

and less complex than a state of civilization.

• An autonomous political unit comprising several villages

or communities under the permanent control of

paramount chief (Robert Carneiro)

• Relatively unstable form of social organization according

to anthropologists and archeologists.– They a re prone to

cycle of collapse and renewal, in which tribal units band

together, expand in power, fragment through some form

of social stress, and band together again.

• Characterized by pervasive inequality of people and

centralization of authority with at least two inherited

social classes (elite and commoner) are present.

STATE

• A political association with effective

dominion over a geographic area

• Includes the set of institutions that

claim the authority to make the rules

that govern the people of the society in

that territory.

• An organization that has a monopoly

on the legitimate use of physical force

within a given authority which may

include armed forces, civil service or

state bureaucracy, courts, and police.

CITY-STATE

A region controlled exclusively by a

city, usually having sovereignty

EVOLUTIONARY

erspectives of

society view societies as undergoing

long-term, gradual changes from

simple to more complex forms

• concepts such as natural selection to

explain progress and adaptation over

time, though modern perspectives

also integrate genetic and

psychological factors to understand

human behavior and social

structures.

POLITICAL

how power, resources, and decisions

are distributed and experienced within

a society

• Was established as necessary measure

for their protection

• Leaders were selected and social

norms were imposed, upon which

division of roles, and responsibilities

were assigned.

ECONOMICAL

• focus on how limited resources are allocated to meet unlimited human needs and wants,

emphasizing scarcity, choice, and production of goods and services

• Provide means and ways to sustains man’s basic and material needs to lvie.

Hostile Sexism

is a type of sexism that includes negative and insulting attitudes toward women, based on the belief that men are better than women

Benevolent sexism

is a type of sexism that seems positive but still supports gender inequality. It involves valuing traits often linked to women, like being caring, and believing that men and women should stick to traditional roles that complete each other. It also includes the idea, called paternalism, that women need