LESSON 3: Cradles of Early Science May

Mayan Civilization

•is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years.
-They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures.

Eclipse, astrological

Maya Civilization are known for their knowledge of predicting _______ and using __________ cycles in planting and harvesting

2

Maya civilization are known for measuring time using _____ complicated calendar systems

crops, ordinary

Maya Civilization developed the technology for growing different _______ and building elaborate cities using __________ machineries and tools.

Mica

Maya Civilization built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called _______

rubber

The Mayan Civilization are also believed to be one of the first people to produce _______ products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.

1844

When did Goodyear received its patent for rubber

Mayan Hieroglyphics

first civilization to use the writing system by the Mayan is called

numeral 20

number system of the Mayan

zero, positional value

Mayan developed the concept of _________ and ____________-value even before the Romans

Inca Civilization

developed -roads paved with stones;
-stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters;
-irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land;
-calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season;

quipu

first suspension bridge by Inca civilization, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret

cloth

in Inca textiles, this was one of the specially prized artistic achievements.

Aztec Civilization

developed the following:
Mandatory Education
Chocolates
Antispasmodic medication

chocolate

-The Aztec in Mexico developed this during their time. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made them as part of their tribute to their gods.

Antipasmodic Medication

The Aztec Civilization used a type of medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery.

Chinampa

-It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.

Aztec calendar

It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.

canoe

the Aztec developed this light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems.

India

Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire.
-They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.

Ayurveda

-a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine used by Indians

Susruta Samhita

-describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India.

Mohenjodaro ruler

people of this civilization, tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler called

Aryabhata

Indian astronomer and mathematician ________ (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya, introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.

Brahmagupta

Indian that also suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit.

Madhava of Sangamagrama

founder of mathematical analysis

China

•It is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, among others.
-Known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of the Chinese people

acupuncture

example of medical practice used by Chinese people

Chinese Civilization

Invented these: were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools.
-They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller, among others.

Zhongguo ke xue yuan, 1983

-invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility (Needham et al., 1971).

lunar calendars.

calendar used by Chinese

Golden Age of Islam

•With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what is called the ______________ lasted until the 13th century.

Ibn al-Haytham

father of optics, empirical proof of intromission theory of light

al-jabr

algebra

Jābir ibn Hayyān

Father of chemistru

Ibn Sina

pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials

the Book of Healing
The Canon of Medicine,

2 books of Ibn Sina

Africa

blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in this part of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it.

lunar, solar, stellar

Africans used three types of calendars:

North Africa and Nile Valley

imported iron technology from the Near East region that enabled them to benefit from the developments during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age.

The Lebombo Bone

which may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation or a six month lunar calendar, is considered to be the oldest known mathematical artifact dated from 35,000 BCE.

astronomy, mathematics, and medicine

Egyptians and famous in these fields

Egypt

center of alchemy, which is known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry.

Mayan Civilization

-was known for their works in astronomy.

Scientific Revolution

•is a golden age in the history of science. It marked the birth of science as a discipline and as a field of inquiry and gave birth to the development of the scientific method.

Nicolaus Copernicus

-developed a model of the universe ; he placed the Sun in the center of the universe and all the planets were surrounding or orbiting it.

Charles Darwin

-made significant contribution in the field of evolutionary biology and philosophy of science. His theory of evolution by natural selection is very useful in many fields until now.

Sigmund Freud

-developed the idea of psychoanalysis that helped in understanding human behavior especially neurological conditions.