Chapter 12 - The Lymphatic System & Immunity

What are the three functions of the Lymphatic System?

Drainage, transport, and Immunity

What do lymphatic cells begin as?

Lymphatic capillaries

How are lymphatic vessels formed?

Through the union of many lymphatic capillaries

How is a lymph formed?

When interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels.

What is the thoracic duct?

The main lymph-collecting duct that receives lymph from the upper left side of the body.

What is the right lymphatic duct?

Drains lymph from the upper right side of the body.

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

Thymus and red bone marrow

What is special about the primary lymphatic organs?

They make the cells that perform the immune functions.

What are the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?

Lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules.

What is special about the secondary lymphatic organs?

They are responsible for immune responses.

What are afferent lymphatic vessels?

They carry lymph from capillaries to nodes.

What are efferent lymphatic vessels?

They carry lymph away from a node.

What are lymphocytes?

Type of white blood cell that produces antibodies that help protect against foreign antigens.

What are phagocytes?

A type of white blood cell that destroys cellular debris and foreign cells.

What two types of tissue does the spleen contain?

White pulp/lymphatic tissue, and Red pulp/blood-filled venous sinuses.

What artery does blood enter the spleen?

Splenic artery

What is innate immunity?

A series of physical and chemical defenses (EX: skin, eyes, digestive system)

What is adaptive immunity?

A specific reaction to pathogens called antigens.

What are antigens?

A substance that has the ability to provoke an immune response.

What are some examples of physical barriers in innate immunity?

Sweat, skin, nose, urine flow

What are some chemical barriers in innate immunity?

Lysozyme (antimicrobial agent in sweat and tears), acidic gastric juice.

What are complement proteins?

They form holes in microbial membranes which causes them to burst.

What are interferons?

Proteins that migrate to infected cells and interfere with viral replication.

What are iron-binding proteins?

They restrain the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron.

What are antimicrobial proteins?

They kill microbes and attract other cells that participate in immune responses.

What is adaptive immunity?

When the body adapts to specific types of infections, antigens, etc.

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

Cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity.

What is cell-mediated immunity?

It uses thymus lymphocytes and thymus cells to kill viruses, bacteria, and fungi located inside cells.

What is antibody-mediated immunity?

It uses bone marrow lymphocytes and bone marrow cells to kill bacteria outside of cells.

What is major histocompatibility complex?

It is a unique set of proteins on every cell in your body that helps B and T cells from knowing if your cells are foreign or not.

What are antigen-presenting cells?

They ingest foreign antigens and presents it to the appropriate lymphocytes.

What happens after a foreign antigen is presented to a lymphocyte?

The active helper T cells secrete proteins that stimulate T cells to undergo clonal activation, which destroys the cell.

What are immunoglobulins?

A large group of plasma proteins that antibodies belong to.

What is immunological memory?

When long-lasting cells and antibodies remain for a long time.

How does an allergy occur?

When an individual is exposed to a type of antigen called an allergen.

What is active immunity?

When you are exposed to an antigen and your body develops antibodies in response to it.

What is passive immunity?

When your body receives premade antibodies to defend itself against the disease.

How does a vaccine work at giving your body active immunity?

It injects dead pathogens which causes your B and T cells to create an immune response and eventually make memory cells.

What is an autoimmune disease?

When antibodies attack our own cells.

What are AIDS?

When a person experiences n assortment of infections due to the progressive destruction of cells of the lymphatic system.

What is HIV?

A virus that attacks the body's immune system, especially the CD4 cells that fight infection.

How does HIV replicate?

The persons normal transcription machinery transcribes HIV’s DNA into multiple copies of new HIV RNA.

How does a reverse transcriptase inhibitor treat HIV infection?

It is able to block HIV from replicating.

What are the major symptoms after initially getting HIV?

Fever, headache, chills.