Week 2 Torque

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47 Terms

1
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What is torque?

Angular force or ‘twist’ applied to an object

2
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What are the important parts of force?

Magnitude

Point of application

Line of application/line of action

Direction

3
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As a muscle pulls, what occurs at the axis (the joint)?

Torque

4
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What are the important parts of torque?

Axis of rotation

Magnitude of force applied

Distance from axis to applied force (moment arm)

Angle (direction) of force

5
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What is the hard way to calculate torque?

Cross product

6
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What is the easy way to calculate torque?

Moment arm; T = F perpendicular * moment arm

7
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What is the moment arm?

The straight-line distance to the point of application of the perpendicular force component

8
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What is the angle of insertion?

The angle that is formed by the bone axis and tendon insertion

9
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How can we find the length of the moment arm?

Identify F perpendicular (the rotational force component) and draw a line from the axis to that point

Draw a line from the axis to the point it makes a right angle with the line of action, and that distance is the moment arm

10
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Small moment arm = less _______ to create the same amount of torque

Force

11
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Large moment arm = more force to create the ______ amount of torque

Same

12
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The greater the force….

The greater the torque (specifically the tangential force)

13
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The _______ the moment arm, the greater the torque

Longer

14
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When something is in equilibrium, it means that all torques applied are…

Equal

15
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What is effort force?

The force that is causing the rotation of the lever (the force of the prime mover)

16
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What is resistance force?

The force that is opposing the rotation of the lever

17
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What is the effort arm?

Moment arm of effort force

18
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What is the resistance arm?

Moment arm of resistance force

19
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What are first class levers?

2 parallel forces are applied on either side of an axis at some distance from that axis, creating rotation of the lever in opposite directions (teeter-totter)

<p>2 parallel forces are applied on either side of an axis at some distance from that axis, creating rotation of the lever in opposite directions (teeter-totter) </p>
20
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In a first class lever the effort arm may be…

Greater than, smaller than, or equal to the resistance arm

21
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What is an example of a first class lever in the body?

Head flexion and extension

22
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What is a second class lever?

2 parallel forces are applied at some distance from the axis

23
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In second class levers the _________ force is applied closer to the axis than the ______ force

Resistance, effort

24
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In a second class lever, which is always greater?

Effort arm is always greater than the resistance arm

25
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<p>What kind of lever is depicted?</p>

What kind of lever is depicted?

First class lever

26
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<p>What kind of lever is depicted?</p>

What kind of lever is depicted?

Second class lever

27
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What is an example of a second class lever?

A wheelbarrow

28
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What is a third class lever?

2 parallel forces are applied at some distance from the axis

29
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In a third class lever the ________ force is applied closer to the axis than the _________ force

Effort, resistance

30
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In a third class lever, what is always greater?

Resistance arm is alway greater than effort arm

31
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<p>What kind of lever is depicted?</p>

What kind of lever is depicted?

Third class lever

32
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Third class levers are the most…

Common type in the human body

33
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What is mechanical advantage?

Describes efficiency of a lever system; the more efficient the lever system, the less force needed to overcome a large resistance

34
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When something has mechanical advantage, the longer the __________ the more efficient

Effort arm

35
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What do anatomical pulleys do?

Change direction of the muscle force; deflects the line of pull of the muscle from the joint axis to increase the moment arm so the muscle can produce greater torque

36
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What is stress?

Force on an object that might cause it to deform

37
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What is strain?

Change in shape of an object due to stress; new length relative to original length

38
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What are the principle stresses?

Compression

Distraction

Shear

39
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What are axial loads?

Stress (or force) applied along axis of object (tension/distraction and compression)

40
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What are bending loads?

Stress (or force) applied in the same plane but along a different line

41
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What are torsional loads?

Stress (or force) applied around long axis of object (twisting)

42
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Where can we see all principle stresses?

The spine

43
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What is elasticity?

Material is able to immediately return to its original size and shape when stress is removed (unchanged by stress)

44
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What is plasticity?

Material retains some of its stressed size and shape when stress is removed (material is changed by stress)

45
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What is viscoelasticity?

Material does not deform instantaneously when loaded, but does change over time (stress makes changes over time)

46
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What is Wolff’s Law?

Bones in the human body will adapt to loads under which they are placed over time; bone density changes due to increased or decreased stress

47
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What is Davis’ Law?

Tissues in the human body will be shaped by mechanical stresses placed upon them; tissues change in length due to stress put upon them