Espionage Exam 2

Who was Carl Hans Lody?

1. Carl Hans Lody was a famous German spy during World War I, motivated primarily by ambition and honor.

2. Born in 1877, Lody initially joined the German Imperial Navy as a Lieutenant, driven by his dream of becoming a naval officer.

3. After his naval service, he worked for a travel agency in New York, specializing in cruise ships, and later moved to Omaha, where he secured employment with the Union Pacific Railroad.

4. Lody's personal life included marrying Louise Storz in 1909, a woman of German ancestry from Omaha whose father owned a brewery.

5. At the outbreak of the war in 1914, he volunteered for German intelligence, traveled to the U.K. using a U.S. citizen identity to spy, and was consequently discovered and executed in November 1914.

Explain the Dreyfus Affair.

1. The Dreyfus Affair was an influential spy scandal that erupted in France around 1895, profoundly affecting European politics.

2. Alfred Dreyfuss, the only Jewish officer on the French general staff, was unjustly accused of spying for the German High Command.

3. The controversy was highly charged with nationalism and anti-Semitism, resulting in Dreyfuss being publicly dishonored, and crowds shouting "kill the Jews!".

4. The ensuing events proved to European Jews that the promise of emancipation and liberalism had failed, mirroring the contemporary environment that saw pogroms in Eastern Europe and Russia.

5. The affair convinced Theodor Herzl, a journalist in Vienna, to abandon his faith in assimilation and pursue political Zionism.

Who was Alfred Redl?

1. Alfred Redl was an Austrian officer and a double agent who secretly worked for Russia just prior to World War I, around 1913.

2. As a Colonel (Oberst) in the Austrian-Hungarian General Staff, he was the military intelligence expert for Russia in the Evidenzbureau.

3. Redl’s recruitment was a result of blackmail by the Okhrana, the Russian secret service, linking his motivation to money and compromise.

4. He was exceptionally successful in his espionage, becoming so prominent that he nearly achieved the position of head of Austrian military intelligence.

5. Because of Redl’s activities, Austrian intelligence operations in Russia were virtually neutralized before the war even began.

Who was Wilhelm Canaris?

1. Wilhelm Canaris was a German naval officer who became the leader of the Abwehr, Germany's military intelligence service.

2. His background included service as a spy and a U-boat captain, and he had spent time living in Spain.

3. Canaris utilized his contacts in Spain, particularly with Franco, to establish a German spy network during the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939.

4. He was also known as a leader within the German government’s "anti-war" faction, having been determined to prevent war in 1938.

5. Canaris was ultimately involved in the July 20, 1944, attempt to assassinate Hitler, which led to his arrest and execution in April 1945.

Who was J. Edgar Hoover? What was remarkable about him?

1. J. Edgar Hoover was appointed Director of the Bureau of Investigation in 1924, an agency he rebuilt and eventually led as the head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) starting in 1935.

2. Hoover's remarkable characteristic was his exceptional talent for collecting and indexing information, initially developed during his employment at the Library of Congress.

3. Utilizing a detailed card index system, he identified 450,000 individuals as potential threats, fueling his career and shaping his obsession with files.

4. He aggressively pursued an anti-communist agenda, making communists his principal enemy, and leveraged the FBI’s information to become a strong supporter of the House of Un-American Activities Committee.

5. Hoover held the directorship for almost 50 years, serving eight presidents and sixteen Secretaries of Justice until his death in 1972, maintaining immense power throughout by keeping potentially lethal files on prominent people and politicians.

Was the attack on Pearl Harbor a U.S. intelligence failure?

1. Yes, the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 is considered a U.S. counterintelligence failure, as the attack came as a surprise.

2. The U.S. was able to intercept crucial diplomatic messages through the PURPLE machine, which provided intelligence codenamed MAGIC.

3. A strong indication of impending war came on December 3, 1941, when the U.S. intercepted a diplomatic code ordering the Japanese embassy in D.C. to destroy its codes and one of its PURPLE machines.

4. Despite these warnings, the U.S. failed because they had not broken the high-value Japanese naval codes, which contained actual military plans and maps, relying instead on diplomatic codes that only revealed policy.

5. Without the naval codes, the U.S. could not ascertain the exact location and time of the attack, allowing the Japanese tas

Who was Richard Sorge?

1. Richard Sorge was a German who became a master spy for Soviet intelligence during World War II.

2. A communist since World War I with a Ph.D. in political science, Sorge operated in Tokyo under the non-official cover of a German journalist.

3. His cover was so effective that he maintained a close relationship with the German ambassador, enabling him to gather valuable intelligence.

4. Sorge provided critical information to Stalin, specifically pinning down the invasion date of the Soviet Union to June 20, 1941, and confirming that Japan would instead attack the U.S., Dutch, and British forces in the Pacific.

5. Despite Stalin calling him “a shit” and ignoring his warning, Sorge’s information was vital to Moscow, with intelligence figures like Kim Philby calling his work "impeccable" and General Douglas MacArthur referring to it as "a devastating example of a brilliant success of espionage".

Who was Kim Philby?

1. Harold “Kim” Philby was a highly intelligent, well-educated Cambridge graduate who served as a source and double agent for both the British and the Soviet KGB.

2. Driven by ideological motivation, Philby was a socialist who was recruited by the NKVD while he was in Vienna.

3. Philby successfully disguised his true loyalties and was hired by the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), while his fellow "Cambridge 5" agents infiltrated the Foreign Office.

4. He eventually rose to a high position within the British intelligence community, becoming the head of British Counterintelligence specifically aimed at Russia.

5. In his capacity as a double agent, Philby provided the Soviets with intelligence regarding British and U.S. covert operations within Communist countries.

Who or what were the Cambridge Five?

1. The Cambridge Five was a notable ideological spy ring of Soviets agents who infiltrated British government and intelligence services.

2. The group earned its name because its members were highly educated, with many, including Harold “Kim” Philby, being graduates of Cambridge University.

3. Key members included Philby, Guy Burgess, and Donald Maclean, all of whom were motivated by ideological reasons to spy for the Soviets.

4. While Philby was recruited by the NKVD and joined the British Secret Intelligence Service, others within the group secured roles in the Foreign Office, creating extensive infiltration.

5. Philby’s position allowed him to become the head of British Counterintelligence against Russia, despite his true allegiance to the KGB, highlighting the success of the spy ring.

Who was Alan Turing?

1. Alan Turing was a British figure involved in the crucial effort by Polish and British cryptanalysts to break the German Enigma cipher.

2. His work, alongside others, contributed to the development and construction of a primitive computer used specifically to read encrypted German messages.

3. Turing’s efforts were central to the wartime intelligence success known as the “Ultra Secret,” which remained classified until the 1970s.

4. This technological cryptanalysis, which broke the cipher that military branches like the German Navy, Army, and Air Force thought was unbreakable, involved mechanical operations and mathematical solutions.

5. The intelligence gained from this endeavor, headquartered at Bletchley Park, was instrumental in allowing the RAF to concentrate its scarce forces effectively, helping Britain win the Battle of Britain.

Could Stalin have prepared for Operation Barbarossa? Why or why not?

1. Yes, Stalin could have prepared for Operation Barbarossa because a substantial amount of signal intelligence and human intelligence was available to him, indicating a clear threat.

2. Available data showed 123 German divisions were arrayed against the Soviet Union, complemented by 300 spy flights, including one that crash-landed.

3. The most critical human intelligence came from Richard Sorge, who accurately pinpointed the invasion date for June 20, 1941, just two days before the actual June 22 invasion.

4. However, Stalin ignored all the accumulated information, driven by his conviction that a military attack was years away and that Germany would not risk a war on two fronts.

5. Stalin’s key failure was his unwillingness to question his own judgment, which was demonstrated when he rejected Sorge’s report by referring to his star agent as “a shit who has set himself up with some small factories and brothels in Japan”.

What does the term Enigma refer to?

1. Enigma refers to a German cipher machine, patented in 1918, which was adopted by the German Navy, Army, and Air Force starting in 1926.

2. This cipher machine performed mechanical operations that had a mathematical solution, distinguishing it from a code which is based on meaning and requires a codebook.

3. German forces considered Enigma impossible to break because deciphering a message required knowing the machine’s daily settings key, which sometimes was encoded within the message itself.

4. The term is heavily associated with the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, where Polish and British codebreakers worked to break the cipher.

5. The successful cryptanalysis of Enigma by figures like Alan Turing produced intelligence known as the "Ultra Secret," which proved crucial to Allied victory in World War II.

What was Tannenberg?

1. Tannenberg refers to the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914, an engagement during World War I.

2. The battle resulted in the near-complete annihilation of the Russian Second Army, leading to roughly 50,000 deaths.

3. The catastrophic Russian loss was due to a major German advantage gained through SIGINT (Signals Intelligence).

4. The German forces intercepted and understood Russian radio messages because the Russians neglected to code them.

5. This event is historically recognized as the first major success of Signals Intelligence in a war, though General Hindenburg did not credit the contribution of SIGINT.

What is a covert operation? Provide one example.

1. A covert operation is one of the primary activities undertaken by an intelligence organization, separate from information collection, analysis, or counterintelligence.

2. The strategic goal of a covert operation is often to influence events or policy in another country while concealing the identity of the sponsoring state.

3. A historic example of a German covert operation is the Gleiwitz incident, a pre-planned event that served as the pretext for the invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.

4. Another example from World War II is Operation Foxley, a plan devised by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) specifically to assassinate Adolf Hitler in 1944.

5. The SOE, established in 1940, had the primary duty of carrying out special operations, including sabotage and killing missions, with the goal of helping "set Europe ablaze".

What is counterintelligence? Provide one example.

1. Counterintelligence (CI) is defined as the activity of protecting a nation and its intelligence services against the operations of foreign and hostile intelligence services.

2. The fundamental objective of CI is to prevent an adversary or competitor from acquiring knowledge that would provide them with an advantage.

3. The necessary actions taken to implement CI are referred to as “security,” which often involves classifying documents and restricting access to information by “building a wall around it”.

4. Counterespionage is a component of CI, focused on gathering intelligence directly from the hostile service, often utilizing surveillance, defectors, and double agents.

5. An illustrative example of successful CI is the British “Operation Double Cross” during World War II, where the British controlled the German spy network in Great Britain to falsely convince the Germans that the D-Day landing would occur in Calais, not Normandy.

Who was Sir Francis Walsingham?

1. Sir Francis Walsingham was a lawyer and a strong Protestant who became the head of England’s first “modern” English secret service, established around 1568 under Queen Elizabeth I.

2. His intelligence service concentrated heavily on counter-intelligence, particularly during the conflict with Spain leading up to the Armada in 1588, as England was infiltrated by Spanish spies.

3. Walsingham established methods that included the deciphering of messages, the interception of letters, and the use of torture.

4. He was personally responsible for tracking down Catholic priests in England and monitoring supposed conspirators, notably Mary Stuart.

5. By successfully implementing a centralized administration and utilizing codes, Walsingham’s service marked the beginning of modern intelligence operations in the developing nation-states of Europe.

Who was George Sylvester Viereck?

1. George Sylvester Viereck was a high-profile German agent for Hitler's government who participated in an ultra-right plot against the United States in the lead-up to World War II.

2. He colluded with over twenty sitting members of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives to launder and spread Nazi propaganda.

3. Viereck was notorious, having been the source of national scandal during World War I when he appeared to have advanced knowledge of the sinking of the Lusitania, and he was subsequently prosecuted successfully as a Nazi agent.

4. He would either write or receive propaganda tracts directly from Berlin and then ask congressmen to deliver this material as official speeches or publish them under his German government-paid imprint.

5. Viereck exploited the congressional franking privilege to charge American taxpayers for the mailing of Hitler's propaganda, sending out millions of pieces under the names of various senators and congressmen.

Who was Father Charles Coughlin?

1. Father Charles Coughlin was a Catholic priest who had an unparalleled audience as the host of what was perhaps the most popular radio show in America, which he used to spread antisemitism.

2. His radio show reached an enormous number of people, with weekly estimates ranging from 20 million to 40 million listeners when the U.S. population was only around 130 million.

3. Following Kristallnacht in November 1938, Coughlin argued on the radio that the Germans were justified in their actions, claiming they were persecuted by their Jewish minority in a sermon he titled "Jewish persecution".

4. Coughlin founded the Christian Front, which he described as a militia and called on its members to form platoon-sized units, often recruiting members of the military or law enforcement for their weapons and training.

5. The Christian Front engaged in violent activities, including street violence against Jewish people, organizing boycotts of Jewish businesses, and showing German military propaganda to discourage U.S. entry into the war.

Who was Charles Lindbergh?

1. Charles Lindbergh was a prominent public figure involved in the notorious kidnapping case of his baby during the 1930s.

2. The highly publicized Lindbergh baby kidnapping case was used by J. Edgar Hoover to enhance his public image, contributing to the heroic perception of FBI agents as "G-Men".

3. Lindbergh himself visited Nazi Germany in 1937, an event documented in the historical context of Hitler’s spies.

4. The handling of high-profile cases like the Lindbergh kidnapping contributed to the growth of Hoover's power and the overall expansion of the FBI, which had new powers beginning in 1935.

5. The FBI's involvement in this and other sensational cases solidified its image as the key agency fighting "public enemies" during that era.

Who was Paul von Hindenburg?

1. Paul von Hindenburg was a German military leader during World War I, significantly associated with the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914.

2. Tannenberg marked a major success for the German command, resulting in the near-complete destruction of the Russian Second Army.

3. The victory was largely possible because the Russians failed to code their radio messages, a failure exploited by German Signals Intelligence (SIGINT).

4. The event is historically recognized as the first major success of SIGINT in a war, contributing to the 50,000 Russian deaths.

5. Despite the role of code-breaking, Hindenburg chose not to mention this critical intelligence success when referencing the battle.

What was the Zimmermann Telegram?

1. The Zimmermann Telegram was a heavily coded message sent by Germany to Mexico during World War I.

2. In the telegram, Germany proposed an alliance wherein Mexico would attack the United States if the U.S. entered the war.

3. As an incentive for joining, Mexico was promised the return of territories it had lost, including Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico.

4. This crucial communication was astonishingly routed through U.S. diplomatic channels because Germany lacked a direct connection.

5. The British cryptanalysis team in “Room 40” successfully decoded the message and presented it to President Wilson, which directly contributed to the U.S. entering the war on April 6, 1917.

What was Germany’s intelligence strategy in World War I?

1. Germany's strategy involved leveraging military intelligence to exploit enemy weaknesses, leading to devastating results like the Battle of Tannenberg, where uncoded Russian radio messages resulted in the near-total destruction of the Second Army.

2. German military intelligence also utilized unconventional agents, such as the famous dancer Mata Hari, who was trained by Lieutenant Elsbeth Schragmueller ("Fraeulein Doktor") in occupied Belgium.

3. Diplomatically, Germany engaged in a risky operation by sending the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico, proposing an attack on the U.S. to tie up American forces.

4. The German secret service executed a massive political coup by facilitating Vladimir Lenin’s return from Swiss exile to Russia in 1917, thereby instigating the Soviet Revolution and Russia’s exit from the war.

5. Germany also attempted to run human intelligence networks in enemy territories, but early in the war, many agents, including Carl Hans Lody, were quickly caught and executed by the British.

Who was Lawrence of Arabia? Why did the Arabs feel betrayed?

1. Lawrence of Arabia, whose formal name was Thomas Edward Lawrence, was a British officer, agent, and guerrilla leader known for his intelligence and knowledge of the Near East.

2. He was highly educated, having studied archaeology and history, and worked at historical sites in Syria and Iraq, where he also learned six languages.

3. Upon the outbreak of World War I, Lawrence joined military intelligence while stationed in Egypt.

4. From 1916 to 1918, his primary mission was organizing the Arab people to rise up in rebellion against Ottoman rule to gain independence.

5. The British and the French planned to split the area into British and French colonies.

6. The arabs felt betrayed by Lawrence because he gave them false hope for independence.

Was Mata Hari a spy? Make your argument.

1. Yes, Mata Hari, born Margaretha Zelle, functioned as a spy, although sources describe her as an amateur agent.

2. She was trained by German military intelligence officer Elsbeth Schragmueller, known as “Fraeulein Doktor,” in occupied Belgium.

3. Mata Hari, famous as an exotic dancer and prostitute who had spent time in Dutch colonies, worked simultaneously for both French and German intelligence.

4. The environment of World War I was fraught with spy mania and fear, and in 1917, she was arrested and shot by the French.

5. She became a wartime scapegoat due to her status as a foreigner, a woman, and her "unmoral life," cementing her mythic reputation as the archetype of a female spy, regardless of the quality of her espionage.

Who was Roderick Hall, and why did he operate in the Brenner area?

1. Roderick Hall was an American officer who belonged to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS).

2. He was involved in a Special Operations (SO) task and had been parachuted into the Cortina d'Ampezzo area of Northern Italy.

3. Captain Hall operated in the general area of the Operationsgebiet ALPENVORLAND, which included Bolzano, Belluno, and Trento, to establish contact with local Partisan groups.

4. His assignment included instructing members of these Resistance groups in the execution of sabotage acts.

5. Specifically, Captain Hall was tasked with carrying out attacks on bridges, and he requested explosives intended for use against the ATZWANG bridge.

What is Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)?

1. Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) is a method of collecting data through technical means, categorized as a component of Technical Intelligence (TECHINT).

2. The evolution of signal intelligence was driven by 19th-century technological advances, including the electrical telegraph, telephone, and radio signals.

3. SIGINT includes Communications Intelligence (COMINT), which is listed alongside it as a form of technical collection.

4. Technical collection also utilizes Telemetry analyses (Telint), which is the interpretation of radio signals to gather information, such as details about rocket performance or tests.

5. A major early success of SIGINT occurred during World War I at the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 when the Russian Second Army was nearly destroyed because they did not encrypt their radio messages.

What is OSINT?

1. OSINT, or Open-Source Intelligence, is the practice of collecting and analyzing publicly available information to gain actionable insights.

2. It involves using sources like the internet, social media, and public records to gather data for purposes such as cybersecurity, market research, and law enforcement investigations.

3. This process transforms raw, public data from diverse sources into useful intelligence for making informed decisions.

4. While it can be used for ethical purposes, such as threat detection, OSINT techniques can also be misused by malicious actors. 

What is CYBINT?

1. CYBINT, or cyber intelligence, is a discipline focused on collecting and analyzing information to understand and mitigate cyber threats.

2. It involves using techniques like behavioral analysis and machine learning to protect organizations' assets and people from cyber attacks and to make informed, risk-aware decisions.

3. CYBINT can also refer to a specific education and training company that provides cybersecurity solutions and programs for individuals and organizations. 

What was the mission of Operation Greenup? Explain the background of this OSS mission and the state of the European frontlines in early 1945.

1. Operation Greenup was an intelligence mission conducted by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), specifically designated as a Secret Intelligence (SI) operation and also a Special Operations (SO) task, centered around Innsbruck, Austria.

2. The mission involved American officer Captain Roderick Hall, who was parachuted into the Cortina d'Ampezzo area of Northern Italy around the end of January or beginning of February 1945.

3. Hall's primary assignment was to establish contact with local Partisan groups and provide them with instructions for executing acts of sabotage.

4. Specifically, Hall confirmed that he had been in contact with Partisan leaders, such as COLESELLI, and requested explosives intended for use against the ATZWANG bridge.

5. In early 1945, the European frontlines in Northern Italy were collapsing for Nazi Germany, leading high-ranking SS officials, such as General Karl Wolff, to initiate secret conditional surrender talks ("Operation Sunrise") by February of that year, recognizing the overall military situation had become catastrophic.

What was Operation Sunrise? Who were the main players, and what was the goal of Dulles? What did he promise to SS General Wolff?

1. Operation Sunrise refers to the secret conditional surrender talks initiated in Northern Italy in February 1945 by high-ranking SS officials, including SS-General Karl Wolff, recognizing the catastrophic military situation for Nazi Germany.

2. The main American player was Allen Dulles, who was the Chief of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) outpost in Bern, and he was allowed to concern shared with Wolff.

3. General Wolff sought conditional surrender and to secure his personal future, forcing him and Dulles to go on and play for time when Hitler demanded the talks immediately end.

4. The main players in these talks were Allen Dulles, who was the Chief of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) outpost for Central Europe in Bern these talks, despite the Allied demand for unconditional surrender, was to achieve a conditional surrender and to help prevent Communists from taking over Europe, driven by the belief that Europe needed Germany and faced a Soviet threat.

5. Wolff had to keep these talks secret, as Hitler demanded total war, but ultimately gained permission to sign the formal surrender in Northern Italy on April 29, 1945

The Rosenbergs became known as the “atom spies.” What are the details of their case, and why was the Cold War context so important for their trial?

1. The case of Julius and Ethel (Greenglass) Rosenberg, who were US-born of Polish-Jewish background, involved the alleged passing of atomic secrets to the Soviet Union during the Early Cold War period.

2. Julius, an electrical engineer, was arrested on July 17, 1950, after his brother-in-law, David Greenglass (who worked on the Manhattan Project), confessed; the FBI later arrested Ethel hoping the threat would force Julius to cooperate, despite lacking definitive evidence against her.

3. The trial, United States v. Julius Rosenberg, Ethel Rosenberg, and Morton Sobell, began in March 1951 under the capital charge of "conspiracy to commit espionage," with the prosecution relying solely on the confession and accusations of Greenglass to secure conviction.

4. The Cold War context was pivotal, as the judge, Irving Kaufman, linked their alleged treason to the ongoing conflict by mentioning the "Communist aggression in Korea" and its resulting 50,000 casualties.

5. Both Rosenbergs were sentenced to death in the electric chair, and after requests for clemency were denied by the Supreme Court and President Eisenhower, they were executed in July 1953.

Who was Reinhard Gehlen? What role did the CIA play in creating the BND?

1. Reinhard Gehlen was the son of a German officer, and joined the new German Army in April 1920. Gehlen was appointed head of FHO (Fremde Heere Ost), the military intelligence section for Eastern Europe ( subsequently arrested in late May 1945.

2. Gehlen utilized the boxes of intelligence reports he had secretly collected about the Soviets to convince his American captors that he could be useful.

3. His plan for an American-backednachrichtendienst) because the Organization Gehlen was under CIA control.

4. The Organization Gehlen, which largely focused its early activities in East Germany, became the BND (West German Intelligence Agency).

5. This organization faced risks due to the Nazi background of many of its agents, including at least 100 officers who were former members of the SD or Gestapo.

Who was Heinz Felfe?

1. SS-Obersturmfuehrer, Gestapo, and Sicherheitsdienst (SD) agent, who was considered a hardcore Nazi.

2. He joined the Hitler Youth when he was only 13 years old and the SS at for German security authorities.

3. In 1951, Felfe was hired by the KGB in East Berlin to work as a spy, and the KGB successfully placed him within the **BND (West years, handing over BND secrets.

4. His treason was uncovered in 1961 when West German intelligence deciphered a KGB message intended for him, leading to his arrest, conviction, and a sentence of 14 years in prison.

Who was Klaus Barbie, and why was the CIC interested in him?

1. Klaus Barbie Lyon". He worked for the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), a military intelligence agency within the U.S. Army during World War II and the early Cold War period.

2. The CIC was interested in its effort to perform active intelligence against the Soviets, decided to utilize a system known as the "Ratline" to help smuggle Nazis and their collaborators out of Europe.

3. Barbie was thus part of a broader network of former Nazis who were recruited or utilized by Western intelligence agencies in the early Cold War.

What was the Intelligence Ratline? Who was Father Draganović?

1. The "Ratline" was an intelligence operation conducted in Italy, primarily between 1945 and 1950, aimed at smuggling Nazis and their collaborators out of Europe in the wake of the Nuremberg trials and de-nazification efforts.

2. The main player in this operation was Monsignore Krunoslav Draganović, a priest who was referred to as the "Golden priest".

3. Draganović was born in 1903 and, by 1943, was stationed at the Croatian National Church and monastery (St. Jerome) in Rome, where he had begun helping Croat Fascists and Catholic priests escape the Soviets and Tito-Communist revenge.

4. The U.S. military intelligence agency, the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), decided to use Draganović's network because the U.S., Italian anti-communists, and the Vatican were concerned about Italy turning communist shortly after World War II.

5. The CIC paid Draganović "good money" to manage these smuggling operations and, due to his central role, he was listed by some within the agency as the "CIC ratline chief in Italy," a network that included users such as Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie.

When did the Cold War start? What were important steps along the way to the war in Korea?

1. The Cold War began in the period immediately following World War II, evidenced by the dismantling of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in October 1945, which left the United States temporarily without a foreign intelligence service.

2. A pivotal ideological and geopolitical shift occurred with the implementation of the Truman Doctrine in 1947, which solidified the US policy of "containment" against Soviet expansion.

3. Important steps along the way to the war in Korea included the subsequent foundation of the CIA in 1947 and the efforts of the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) to pursue active intelligence against the Soviets.

4. Furthermore, the escalation of Cold War tensions was dramatically demonstrated by the exposure of Klaus Fuchs, who had worked on the Manhattan Project, as a spy in 1950, shortly before the outbreak of the Korean conflict.

5. The resulting Korean War (1950–53) is explicitly identified in the sources as the time when the Cold War became "hot".

What was the OSS? When was it founded? What did it do? Can you name some OSS operations that made it into history?

1. The OSS, established in 1942 after the initial formation of the Director of Information (DOI) in July 1941, under the leadership of William “Bill” Donovan.

2. The OSS was created]. Its main branches included Secret Intelligence (SI), Special Operations (SO), Foreign Nationalities (FN), Counterintelligence (X-2), Research and Analyses (R and A), and Moral Operations (MO); and Operation Sunrise, a series of secret conditional surrender talks in Northern Italy managed by OSS Chief Allen Dulles from Bern in February 1945.

What was Operation Paperclip?

1. Operation Paperclip in the United States. This operation was born out of an American Black List containing German engineers and experts targeted for immediate interrogation upon capture.

2. The outline of names for Operation Paperclip came from the Nazi government's ** of 1948, stipulated that membership in the Nazi party disqualified a person from eligibility for admission into the United States.

3. A notable figure recruited through this effort was Wernher von Braun,

What is STRATCOM?

1. U.S. Strategic Command (STRATCOM) is a functional combatant command within the Department of Defense responsible for global strategic deterrence.

2. Its primary mission is to deter strategic attacks, which can include nuclear or high-consequence non-nuclear attacks, against the United States and its allies.

3. STRATCOM oversees the U.S. nuclear triad—intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, and nuclear-capable bombers—to ensure a safe, secure, and effective deterrent capability.

4. Additional responsibilities for STRATCOM include nuclear operations, global strike, missile threat assessment, and joint electromagnetic spectrum operations.

5. Headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska, STRATCOM combines forces and capabilities from all U.S. military branches to execute its global mission.