CV chemistry / chemical safety

Chemistry

The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.

Organic chemistry

The study of substances that contain carbon, which allows them to burn.

all living things contain what?

Carbon

Inorganic chemistry

The study of substances that do not contain carbon but may contain hydrogen.

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

what properties matter have?

physical and chemical

matter can exist as either

solid, liquid or gas

Elements

simplest form of matter

Elements are composed how many parts/unit?

one

Elements cannot be what?

broken down

How many elements are there?

118

how many elements a naturally occuring?

98

Atoms

The particles from which all matter is composed.

Molecules

two or more atoms joined together

Elemental molecule

a chemical combination of atoms of the SAME element.

Compound molecule

Chemical combination of two or more atoms from DIFFERENT elements

compound molecule is also known as

compounds

states of matter

solid, liquid, gas

Soilds

Have a definite shape, volume, and weight

liquid

have a definite volume and weight but not a definite shape

Gases

No definite shape or volume

physical properties

those characteristics determined without a chemical reaction; do not cause a chemical change in the identity of a substance.

chemical properties

Those characteristics that can only be determined with a chemical reaction and cause a chemical change in the identity of a substance.

Physical Change

A physical change changes the form without forming a new substance.

chemical change

A chemical change is a change in a substance's chemical composition. A chemical change creates new substances with different properties.

chemical compound

a combination of two or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties.

Physical mixtures

Combination of two or more substances that are united physically, in any proportions with combined properties.

Hydrogen (H)

A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas and is the lightest element known; found in chemical combination with oxygen in water and other elements in most organic substances; flammable and explosive when mixed with air.

Oxygen (O)

The most abundant element found on earth; is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; comprises about half of the Earth's crust; half of the rock; one-fifth of the air, 90% of the water; combines with other elements to form an infinite variety of compounds, called oxides. It supports combustion.

Nitrogen (N)

Colorless, gaseous elements; makes up about four-fifths of the air and is found chiefly in the form of ammonia and nitrates.

Air

The gaseous mixture that makes up the Earth's atmosphere

Water (H2O)

The most abundant of all substances, comprising about 75% of the Earth's surface and 65% of the human body.

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

A colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and slightly acid taste; used in hair color and as an antiseptic.

Potential Hydrogen stands for?

pH

the lower case p in pH represents?

quantity

the upper case H in pH represents

hydrogen ion

Potential Hydrogen (pH)

indicates the relative degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance.

if its below a 7 on the pH scale its?

acidic

if its above a 7 on the pH scale its?

alkaline

if its 7 on the pH scale its?

neutral

the pH scale goes from what to what?

0 to 14

the pH scale is what? meaning what?

logarithmic, meaning a change of one whole number represent a tenfold change in pH. A change of two whole numbers, represents a change of ten times 10.

Logarithm

multiples of ten

Ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

Ionization causes

an atom or molecule to split in two, creating a pair of ions with opposite electrical charges.

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Cation

A positively charged ion

Hydrogen ion (H+) is?

acidic

Hydroxide ion (OH-)

alkaline

what does a solution need to have a pH?

water, without water, there is no pH.

acid mantle

Skin produces both sebum and sweat to create a protective barrier, known as the acid mantle, against bacteria, weather, and pollution; instrumental in the renewal process.

Acid-alkali neutralization reactions

The same reaction that naturally ionizes water to create hydrogen (H+) ions and hydroxide ions (OH-) are mixed together in equal proportions, they neutralize each other to form water (H2O).

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)

A chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized.

what is another word for oxidation reduction?

redox

Oxidizing agent

A substance that releases oxygen. Redox reactions are always an exchange. When a substance is oxidized, the oxidizer is always reduced.

reduction

The subtraction of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen.

Oxidation

Can take place without oxygen; can occur when hydrogen is subtracted from a substance or oxygen is added.

Combustion

Rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light.

Antioxidants

Used to stabilize skin care products by preventing oxidation that would otherwise cause a product to turn rancid and decompose.

Solutions, suspensions, emulsions all contain?

two or more different substances.

Solution

A stable uniform blend of two or more mixable substances. They do not separate.

solute

The dissolved substance in a solution

Solvent

The substance, usually liquid, which dissolves another substance to form a solution, with no change in chemical composition.

What is the universal solvent?

water

Miscible liquids

Liquids that can mix together without seperating

Immiscible liquids

liquids not capable of being mixed.

Suspension

An unstable mixture of undissolved particles in a liquid.

suspensions are unstable and do what over time?

separate

Emulsion

An unstable mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of a binder or emulsifier.

emulsify

to form an emulsion

Emulsifier

An ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend.

Surfactants

Substances that act as a bridge to allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify.

Head of the surfactant is

hydrophilic

tail of the surfactant

lipophilic

Hydrophilic is the

head

lipophilic is the

tail

Oil in water emulsion (O/W)

oil droplets emulsified in water.surrounded by water.

Water-in-oil emulsion (W/O)

water droplets are suspended in an oil base surrounded by oil.

pure substance

A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions.

miscible

capable of being mixed

Immiscible

cannot be mixed

emulsions are a special type of suspension because?

they can separate but over a long period of time.

suspension particles are

large

solution particles are

small

hydrophilic

capable of combining with or attracting water. (water loving)

lipophilic

Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving).

if the tail is pointing out in an emulsion it is a?

water in oil emulsion.

if the tail is pointing in, in an emulsion it is a?

oil in water emulsion.

volatile alcohols

evaporate quickly and easily; for example, rubbing alcohol (isopropyl) and hairsprays (ethyl alcohol).

Alkanolamines

Used to neutralize acids or raise the pH.

Ammonia

Colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen.

Glycerin

Sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams.

Silicones

Special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile)

Overexposure

Prolonged, repeated, or long-term exposure that can cause sensitivity.

Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs)

are used to exfoliate the skin and helps adjust the ph of a lotion or cream

Thioglycolic acid

A colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions.

Alkalis

Also known as bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts.

Sodium Hydroxide

commonly known as lye, is a very strong alkalis (base) used in chemical relaxers, callous softeners, and drinking cleaners.

exothermic reaction

A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat