Cells and Control

What are the processes during cell division?

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

What happens during interphase?

Cell duplication, protein synthesis etc.

What happens during prophase?

Chromosomes condense and the membrane breaks down.

What happens during metaphase?

Chromosomes line at the equator of the cell.

What happens during anaphase?

Spinal fibres pull chromosomes apart.

What are pulled to opposite ends?

Chromatids.

What happens during telopahse?

Membranes form around sets of chromosomes.

What is the process where the cytoplasm divides to form separate cells?

Cytokinesis

What are stem cells?

Cells that can differentiate by mitosis.

What can stem cells do?

They can differentiate into any specialised cells.

Where are adult stem cells found?

Bone marrow

What are the benefits of stem cells?

They can replace faulty cells.

What are some risks using stem cells?

Rejections and have a limited supply.

What is an alternative of using stem cells?

Adult stem cells

What is GM?

Modifying an organism’s genome

What is the first step of genetic engineering?

Gene is cut with restriction enzyme.

What is the second step of genetic engineering?

Plasmid is cut using the same restriction enzyme.

Why is the same restriction enzyme used?

To create complementary sticky ends.

How is recombinant DNA formed?

By joining bases using ligase enzyme.

What are advantages using GM?

Higher yield, reduces reliance on pesticides.

What are the disadvantages using GM?

Expensive, concern about long-term effects such as allergies.