Midterm

A&P 2 Midterm

Which of the following distinguishes lymphatic vessels from veins?

permeability of the walls

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used to propel lymph through lymphatic vessels?

small heart-like pumps

Adjacent cells in lymphatic capillaries overlap each other loosely. What is the unique structural modification that increases their permeability?

minivalves

Which of the following promotes closure of the minivalves associated with lymph capillaries?

increasing pressure inside the lymph capillary

Lymph from the right leg ultimately is delivered to which duct in the thoracic region?

thoracic duct

Lymph from what regions of the body is drained into the right lymphatic duct?

the right upper limb, the right side of the head, and the thorax

What is the name of the enlarged sac to which the lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk return lymph?

cisterna chyli

The thoracic duct runs parallel and close to all of the following EXCEPT the __________.

iliac arteries

Where are the three large clusters of superficial lymph nodes?

the cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions

Which of the following vessels delivers lymph into the junction of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein?

thoracic duct

     Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

to participate in gas exchange at capillaries

Lymphatic collecting vessels originate in which of the following areas?

capillary beds

Which of the following statements is true regarding veins versus lymphatic collecting vessels?

Veins have fewer internal valves than lymphatic vessels

Once collected, lymph ultimately drains into __________.

venous circulation

     Which statement describes the origin of lymph fluid?    

Lymph is excess fluid formed from plasma that accumulates in the tissues as interstitial fluid.        

Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?

blood vessels

What is the function of the mini-valves in lymph capillaries?

increase permeability

Which lymph cells produce antibodies?

plasma cells

Which of the following lymphoid tissues/organs do(es) NOT contain reticular connective tissue?

thymus

Which of the following lymphoid cells trap antigens and transport them to lymph nodes?

dendritic cells

Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymph organ?

thymus

Which lymphoid organ(s) serve(s) as the site where B lymphocytes become immunocompetent B cells?

red bone marrow

The filtration of lymph and activation of the immune system are the two basic functions of the __________.

lymph nodes

Which of the following is an INACCURATE statement regarding lymph nodes?

Immune system cells are only located in the cortex.

What region of the lymph node contains follicles filled with dividing B cells?

cortex

Which of the following is NOT considered a lymph node function?

to filter blood

What causes the increased size of an activated cervical lymph node during infection?

lymphocyte division

Which of the following is a role of lymph nodes?

They filter lymph

Lymph arrives at the lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels. t/f

true

     Where in the lymph node is a dendritic cell most likely associated with a B or T lymphocyte?    

cortex

Which part of the spleen is the site of immune function?

white pulp

What vessel serves as the source of the spleen’s blood supply from the aorta?

celiac trunk

Where is the spleen located?

in the left side of the abdominal cavity just beneath the diaphragm and curled around the anterior aspect of the stomach

Which lymphoid organ(s) serve(s) in immune surveillance and blood cell recycling?

the spleen

What anatomical area(s) is/are protected by the tubal tonsils?

the passage from the pharynx to the middle ear

Tonsillar crypts are invaginations deep into the interior of the tonsil. What structure(s), found in most other lymphoid organs, is/are missing from the tonsil that allows for the presence of these crypts?

capsule

Which tonsil is located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx and is referred to as the adenoids if it is enlarged?

pharyngeal tonsil

Which of the following lymph organs is NOT matched with its function?

Peyer's patches: mature B cells

The __________ tonsils are also called the adenoids.

pharyngeal

Peyer's patches are mucosa-associated lymph tissue located in the __________.

wall of the small intestine

Of the following lymphoid organs, which is/are structurally simplest and lack(s) a complete capsule?

tonsils

     Which of the following organs or locations do(es) NOT contain MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)?    

mesentery of the small intestine

Where are Peyer's patches located?

distal portion of the small intestine

The thymus functions strictly in maturation of B cells. t/f

false

Which lymphoid organ(s) appear(s) before the others?

thymus

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?

bone marrow and thymus

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?

white pulp of the spleen

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?

deep in the cortex

Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?

Peyer’s patches

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?

thymus

Which layer of the typical blood vessel is constructed from simple squamous epithelium?

tunica intima

Which layer of the typical vessel can be regulated to constrict or dilate the lumen?

tunica media

Which of these features is found only in arteries?

elastic membranes

Which type of vessel is most suited to expanding and recoiling in response to the ejection of blood from the heart?

elastic artery

What type of vessel has a relatively large amount of smooth muscle compared to its elastic tissue?

muscular artery

What type of vessel is capable of allowing the passage of gases and nutrients though its walls to nourish surrounding tissue?

capillaries

Arteries always carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. t/f

false

Which vessels carry blood toward the heart?    

veins

Which of the following is characteristic of veins but not arteries?

larger internal diameter

Large diameter, thick-walled arteries that are close to the heart and act as pressure reservoirs would be __________.

elastic arteries

     The most permeable capillaries, which contain fenestrations and large intercellular clefts, are __________.    

sinusoid capillaries

Continuous capillaries are the most common capillaries in the body. t/f

true

The kidneys filter the blood; it is necessary for plasma, both fluid and dissolved chemicals, to be rapidly removed from the blood without the removal of larger proteins or cells. Which capillary would be best suited for this filtration?

fenestrated capillaries

Which of the following is mismatched?

veins: resistance vessels

Which of the following is true about veins?

Veins have valves; arteries do not.

What is the period during the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are completely closed and blood volume in them remains constant as the ventricles contract?

isovolumetric contraction phase

At what point in the cardiac cycle is pressure in the ventricles the highest (around 120 mm Hg in the left ventricle)?

ventricular systole

The first heart sound (the "lub" of the "lub-dup") is caused by __________.

closure of the atrioventricular valves

Which of the following terms is correctly matched to its description?

quiescent period: total heart relaxation between heartbeats

As your muscles contract during activity, more blood is returned to the heart. Which variable would be affected and what would be the outcome of this action?

Preload would be increased, which would increase cardiac output.

What causes heart sounds?

heart valve closure

Which best describe the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?

As ventricular systole start, the AV valves are closed and the semilunar valves are closed. Because the ventricles are contracting and both valves are closed, pressure increases rapidly leading to ejection.

Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during __________.

ventricular diastole

Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles?

Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves.

Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves.

Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.

What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close?

greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle

Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling.

isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)?

AV valves only

What is the main function of heart valves?

to prevent backward flow of blood

When the atria contract, which of the following is true?

The ventricles are in diastole.

Which of the following is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric contraction?

The end diastolic volume (EDV)

Which of the following is true during ventricular systole?

The AV valves are closed.

During the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, which of the following is true?

The semilunar valves are open.

Most of the decrease in ventricular volume takes place during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

ventricular ejection

In what direction does blood flow through the heart?

from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure

Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

atrial contraction

At what point during the cardiac cycle does the AV valve close?

when ventricular pressure becomes greater than atrial pressure

At what point in the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve open?

when ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure

Ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

ventricular ejection

At what point in the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve close?

when pressure in the ventricle becomes less than aortic pressure

Isovolumetric relaxation is characterized by which of the following?

The semilunar and AV valves are closed.

At what point in the cardiac cycle does the AV valve open?

when atrial pressure becomes greater than ventricular pressure

Which of the following would cause a DECREASE in cardiac output (CO)?

decreasing thyroid function (thyroxine)

Calculate the stroke volume if the end diastolic volume (EDV) is 135 mL and the end systolic volume (ESV) is 60 mL.

75 ml

Which of the following increases stroke volume?

exercise

Which of the following would increase cardiac output?

epinephrine

     Increasing end-diastolic and end-systolic volume will increase stroke volume. t/f

false

Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases stroke volume?

increasing afterload

What best describes afterload?

back pressure exerted by arterial blood