Chapter 12 Pathos

ausculation

Listening to sounds within the body.

percussion

Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure.

pleural rub

Scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other.

rales (crackles)

Fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli.

rhonchi

Loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum.

sputum

Material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting.

stridor

Strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx.

wheezes

Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing.

croup

Acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor.

diphtheria

Acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium (Corynebacterium).

epistaxis

nosebleed

pertussis

Whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis.

asthma

Chronic inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial and bronchiolar edema and constriction.

bronchiectasis

Chronic dilation of a bronchus, usually secondary to infection.

chronic bronchitis

Inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

cystic fibrosis (CF)

Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally.

atelectasis

Collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli

emphysema

Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls

lung cancer

Malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi

pneumoconiosis

Abnormal lung condition caused by exposure to certain dusts; with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis

pneumonia

Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction.

pulmonary abscess

Large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs.

pulmonary edema

Fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles.

pulmonary embolism (PE)

Clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung

pulmonary fibrosis

Formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs.

sarcoidosis

Chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs.

tuberculosis (TB)

Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected.

mesothelioma

Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura.

pleural effusion

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity).

pleurisy (pleuritis)

Inflammation of the pleura.

pneumothorax

Collection of air in the pleural space.