ORGO test one

covalent bonds

An even sharing of electrons. Any two atoms of the same element or C-H bonds.

Polar covalent bonds

electrons move towards the more electronegative atom

Ionic bonds

complete transfer of electrons, which creates ions due to the need to fill the octet

Formal charge

valence electrons - number of bonds - non bonding electrons

orbitals

the 3D volume where we can find an electron

All single bonds

Sp3

one double bond

Sp2 (and a single plain p-orbital)

one triple bond

Sp (and two plain p-orbitals)

hybridization

2nd row elements mix their s and p orbitals to best bond to their neighboring atoms

hybridized orbitals create ___ bonds

sigma

non hybridized p-orbitals create ___ bonds

pi → each orbital = one bond

What shape is an Sp3 with no lone pairs

tetrahedron → 109

what shape is an Sp3 with one lone pair

trigonal pyramidal → 109

what shape is an Sp3 with two lone pairs

bent → 109

what shape is an Sp2 with no lone pairs

trigonal planer → 120

what shape is an Sp2 with one lone pair

bent → 120

What shape is an sp

linear → 180

what creates good water solubility

positive or negative charges (ions)

what functional group is this

carboxylic acid

what makes carboxylic acid water soluble

The polar covalent bond between H and O means they have a weak interaction with water. Adding a strong base will give the oxygen a negative charge, thus making it water soluble. Once the carboxylic acid donates the H+, it is water soluble.

in what state, protonated or deprotonated, is carboxylic acid water soluble

deprotenated

what happens to carboxylic acid when pH = 4

pka is equal to pH, so above 4 it is deprotonated and water soluble and below 4 it is protonated and is not water soluble

what functional group is this

amine

when is an amine water soluble

When the nitrogen has a positive charge, which happens when there are more H+ to bond with

what happens to an amine when pH = 9

pH = pka

are amines protonated or deprotonated above pH 9

they are deprotonated in a basic environment above pH 9, and therefore not water soluble because the nitrogen does not have a charge

what functional group is this

alchohol

what is the water soluble ratio for alchohols

there must be at least one O-H bond for every four carbons in order for it to be water soluble

alcohol

ether

amine

thiol

haloalkane

carbonyl

aldehyde

ketone

carboxylic acid

ester

amide

alkene

alkyne

aromatic ring

one carbon

methane

2 carbons

ethane

3 carbons

propane

4 carbons

butane

5 carbons

pentane

6 carbons

hexane

7 carbons

heptane

8 carbons

octane

9 carbons

nonane

10 carbons

decane

to name a substituent, what do you change the ending of the name to

yl - ex: methane → methyl