USH II - Progressivism Unit Vocab

Alice Paul

• a lead activist of women’s suffrage movement

• founder of National Women’s Party

• chained herself to White House → prison → full-fledged support for women’s suffrage

Booker T. Washington

• born into slavery, lived in South → firsthand experience with racism and white supremacy

• believed that economic progress and avoiding confrontation would lead to eventual equality

• gradual integration, vocational training

• Atlanta Compromise Speech

Committee on Public Information

Government agency that promoted wartime propaganda during WWI

Eugene V. Debs

• Socialist leader + 5-time Presidential candidate

• known for antiwar speech and conviction

• advocated for workers’ rights and labor movement

Factory Workers

workers in factories during industrial era

• long hours + bad working conditions and wages

George Creel

head of Committee on Public Information, spread pro-war propaganda

Jacob Riis

Muckraker who exposed harsh living conditions of people in poverty in his book, How the Other Half Lives

Jane Addams

• lead activist for women’s suffrage

• founded Hull House + settlement house movement

John D. Rockefeller

• founder of Standard Oil

• major example of monopoly and big business

Muckrakers

journalists, photographers, etc. who exposed corruption, inequality, and abuse in society

National Women’s Party

group led by Alice Paul that advocated for women’s suffrage and equal rights

NAACP

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

• focused on African American civil rights

Progressives

reformers who sought to address the social and economic problems cause by industrialization

Teddy Roosevelt

President known for trust busting (breaking up monopolies) and progressive policies

W.E.B DuBois

• born free, lived in North → experienced less direct racism

• believed in educated Black men to demand immediate equality and political rights

• Niagara Movement

William Howard Taft

• President after Roosevelt

• 1912 election = Roosevelt vs Taft (Republican Party Divide)

Woodrow Wilson

• won the 1912 election

• democrat

• progressive reforms

Election of 1908

• William H. Taft continues Roosevelts Progressive agenda as President after being his VP

Election of 1912

• unique election →

  • 4 different parties: Democrats, Republicans, Progressives, Socialists

  • Republican party divide (Roosevelt as a Progressive vs. Taft as a Republican)

  • 3rd party win → Progressives (Roosevelt) 88-8 electoral vote win against Republicans

  • Eugene Debs as Socialist → nearly 1m popular votes

Great Migration

• Movement of African Americans from south to north

  • in search of better jobs and wages, living conditions, suffrage, escape of violence

• got disappointment instead → restricted employment opportunities, exclusion from unions, housing segregation, limited suffrage

Homestead Strike

violent labor dispute between steelworkers and Carnegie Steel Company

Muller v. Oregon

• Supreme Court supports/upholds Oregon labor law to limit women’s working hours to 10 hours

• significance → supported ideas of women being less than men, vulnerable + need care

Pullman Strike

nationwide railroad strike

• response to layoffs, wage cuts

• led to government intervention

Red Scare

period of fear of communism and radicalism in the US after WWI

Schenk v. US

Supreme Court case that established the “Clear and Present Danger” test

• significant in Eugene Debs v. US case

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

• 1911 factory fire in NYC → killed 146 due to locked exits

• significance → major workplace safety reforms + highlighted unsafe working conditions

Progressive Amendments

16th, 17th, 18th, 19th amendments

• 16 = income tax

• 17 = direct election of senators

• 18 = banned sale, manufacture, distribution of alcohol

• 19 = women’s right to vote

100% Americanism

movement that emphasized loyalty to American values

Clayton Antitrust Act

law that aims to promote fair competition and prevent unfair business practices that could harm consumers

Direct Primary

election within a political party to select a candidate who will represent the party

Espionage Act

law that punished anybody who interfered with the US war effort

Horizontal Integration

a business strategy where a company acquires or merges with its competitors

Immigration

movement of people into the US

Industrialization

growth of industries

Initiative

a process that allows citizens to propose new laws of amendments through a public vote

Liberty of Contract

belief that workers should have the freedom to negotiate terms with employers

Progressivism

reform movement that sought to address social issues and corruption caused by industrialization

prohibition

legal ban on alcohol production and sale

recall

allows voters to remove elected officials from office before their term ends

referendum

a process that allows citizens to reapprove or reject laws through a direct vote

secret ballot

voting method that ensures the privacy of citizens’ votes

sedition act

law that criminalized anti-government speech during wartime

settlement houses

housing projects that offered support services to immigrants and the poor

Sherman Antitrust Act

law designed to prevent monopolies and promote competition

socialism

system advocating for public / community ownership of major industries over business control

suffrage

right to vote

temperance

movement aimed at reducing or eliminating the consumption of alcoholic beverages

urbanization

growth of cities due to industrialization and immigration

vertical integration

business strategy where one company controls the entire process of production and distribution in an industry

negative vs. positive freedom

positive → freedom to do what you want to do to pursue individual happiness (free of influence of others)

negative → freedom to do something under the influence of others