Human Environments

Mountainous areas (physical population density)

people are isolated due to poor transport links, and houses are difficult to build because machinery is unable to reach. (1)

Climate (physical population density)

places that are too hot or cold will deter people from living there or are inhabitable. (1) For example, places that are too arid can experience droughts meaning crops are unable to grow which means the area becomes inhabitable. (1)

Natural resources (physical population density)

people are attracted to places with minerals such as gold and raw materials like timber to exploit and sell. (1)

Coastal areas (physical population density)

people are attracted as they are close to the sea which allows people to trade through ports. (1)

Fertile soils (physical population density)

this allows crops to grow which provides a food supply. (1)

Availability of water (physical population density)

a clean, accessible supply of water is necessary as water is needed for plants, animals and humans to survive. (1)

Job opportunities (human population density)

a high availability of jobs encourage people to move to seek employment and earn a stable income. (1)

Government aid (human population density)

industries are located where government funding is available, therefore more people will move into those areas for work. (1)

Services (human population density)

people are attracted to places where the education and healthcare services are high quality and accessible. (1)

Technology (human population density)

advancements in farming technology allow people to farm and grow crops where it previously was not possible.(1) Advancements in construction allows new houses and transports links to be built. (1)

Migration (human population density)

refugees crowd into camps nearby the city to escape civil war within their own country. (1)

Transport (human population density)

places with good transport links attract people and industries which creates more employment opportunities. (1)

Contraception (birth rate)

access to contraception prevents unwanted/unplanned pregnancies. (1)

Later marriages (birth rate)

people are getting married when they are older meaning they will also have children later. (1)

Education (birth rate)

introduce sex educations to children so they are aware of what happens. (1)

New hospitals (birth rate)

better post natal and ante natal care means less babies die which means people stop having so many children and hoping one survives. (1)

Money (birth rate)

in developed countries children are expensive to raise meaning people are deterred from having many children. (1)

Tradition for large families (birth rate)

in developing countries having lots of children is seen as ‘high status’ meaning some people have lots of them. (1)

Children needed to work (birth rate)

many children are needed to help run family businesses like farming meaning people will have more children. (1)

Better diets (death rate)

people now eat healthily and aren’t malnourished meaning they live longer. (1)

Proper hygiene and sanitation (death rate)

improves people’s overall health as they do not get sick as often. (1)

Access to clean drinking water (death rate)

prevents people from catching waterborne diseases such as typhoid and becoming seriously ill. (1)

Advancements in medical care and research (death rate)

a wider variety of diseases can be treated more effectively and efficiently. (1)

Better pensions (death rate)

better care for elderly people allows them to live longer and healthier. (1)

Ante-natal and post natal care (death rate)

improves children’s survival rates which lowers the overall death rate. (1)

Inoculations and vaccines (death rate)

illnesses and diseases are not caught and spread as easily. (1)

Pedestrianised streets (CBD changes)

increases safety for shoppers and makes the street more visually appealing-Buchanan street (1)

Low emission zones (CBD changes)

reduces amount of air and noise pollution within the CBD. (1)

Off street parking (CBD changes)

increases number of parking spaces available which reduces the number of cars parked on streets-Buchanan galleries. (1)

One way traffic system (CBD changes)

reduces traffic congestion which leads to freer traffic flow-Hope street. (1)

Renovation of train station (CBD changes)

encourages more people to take public transport into the CBD-Queen street. (1)

Large indoor shopping centres (CBD changes)

encourages more people to shop in the CBD as the shops are not affected by the weather which makes it more accessible-St Enoch, Buchanan Galleries. (1)

Large chain stores (CBD changes)

large companies such as Primark and JD have replaced small independent stores as they cannot afford the high rent prices within the CBD. (1)

New hotels (CBD changes)

improved and new hotels are built to attract more tourists-Hilton, Radisson. (1)

Repurposing old buildings (CBD changes)

buildings no longer used for their original purpose are turned into new hotels, flats, restaurants and shops which creates new opportunities for land uses-Cadleriggs fruit markets. (1)

Entertainement (CBD changes)

more venues are built to encourage shopping/money spending at all time of day, especially at night-Cineworld, Level X. (1)

Job creation (inner city changes)

more skilled jobs are created in the area as the Science centre, BBC and STV offices have been built along the Clyde. (1)

Tenements pulled down (inner city changes)

structurally poor tenements were pulled down and replaced with new housing in areas such as Castlemilk to improve living qualities. (1)

Refurbishing existing tenements (inner city changes)

internal walls were knocked down to increase space. Central heating and double glazing were added and they sandblasted the flats to remove soot. (1)

Tourist attractions (inner city changes)

addition of tourist attractions and conferences such as the Hydro which can be used for concerts and is a source of entertainment and jobs. (1)

Landscaping (inner city changes)

areas such as Broomielaw have been landscaped to become more appealing by adding more greenery and cycle lanes. (1)

Site development (inner city changes)

brownfield sites were developed and derelict buildings were demolished. (1)

Building replacement (inner city changes)

office buildings such as Barclays have replaced heavy industry buildings. (1)

Services (rural changes)

increased number of pharmacies and doctors. (1)

Out of city shopping centres (rural changes)

provides more jobs for people in the area-Silverburn. (1)

Houses (rural changes)

can be larger as the price for the land is cheaper. (1)

Appearance (rural changes)

the area is clean and attractive because they are newly built. (1)

Farming (rural changes)

expansion into the suburbs can cause a reduction in farmland causing farmers to lose money.(1)

Natural greenery (rural changes)

expansion into the suburbs can cause a reduction in natural greenery and woodlands which will harm wildlife. (1)

Pollution (rural changes)

expanding will cause more road traffic which brings noise pollution and air pollution. (1)

Poor sanitation (Dharavi problems)

people use the streets as the toilet which means sewers are a breeding ground for diseases such as Typhoid, Diphtheria, Cholera and Malaria. (1)

Poor access to clean water (Dharavi problems)

people must queue at water pumps as there is a limited supply and some people break open the pipes which exposes the water raw and dirty sewage, leading people to catching waterborne diseases. (1)

Education (Dharavi problems)

most children are unable to finish their education due to the high financial costs which leads to a high drop out rate. (1)

Poor housing (Dharavi problems)

quality of materials used to build homes is very poor which leads to them collapsing, potentially injuring or killing those inside. (1) Most electricity is stolen from other places which leads to them overheating due to the poor installation and increases the fire risk. (1)

Overcrowding (Dharavi problems)

houses are extremely small but can have up to 5 people in each room which means illnesses and disease are easily spread due to the high population density. (1)

Crime (Dharavi problems)

unemployment rates are high which can result in criminal activity/gangs. Theft, assault and drug trafficking are the most common crimes. (1)

Waste collection (Dharavi problems)

no regular council collection for waste results in large amounts accumulating in piles. On hot days there is a possibility for the waste to burst into flames. (1)

Lack of legal rights (Dharavi problems)

Dharavi is an unplanned/illegal settlement which means most residents do not legally own the land they live on. Therefore the government can demolish their houses randomly which leaves many people homeless. (1)

Road widening schemes (Dharavi solutions)

the Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) has widened roads allowing access to waste collection which reduces the rat problems. (1)

Dharavi redevelopment project (Dharavi solutions)

high rise flats were demolished and replaced with bigger apartments to create more space and reduce overcrowding. (1) Flat prices were reduced whilst being upgraded to have essentials such as proper toilets, electricity and running water to reduce diseases. (1)

Community policing (Dharavi solutions)

an increase in police patrolling improves safety/security which reduces drug and assault related crimes. (1) Police attitude towards residents have changed which builds trust between them and the community. (1)

Self-help schemes (Dharavi solutions)

residents are given the necessary materials such as bricks to improve their houses. (1) This leads to stronger walls which will reduce the risk of buildings collapsing. (1)

New toilet blocks (Dharavi solutions)

improves sanitation as people no longer need to use the streets as the toilet which reduces the chances of diseases. (1) Provides clean hot and cold water for residents to use which reduces the spread of diseases. (1)

Dharavi dream project (Dharavi solutions)

provides free mentorship, after school programmes and counselling to children. (1)

Case study for urban land use in a developed country?

Glasgow, Scotland

Case study for urban land use in a developing country?

Dharavi, Mumbai

Case study for rural land use in a developed country?

Fens of East Anglia, England

Case study for rural land use in a developing country?

Kerela, India

Diversification advantages (developed rural)

The farmer gains additional income to allow business to continue when money is scarce. (1) Boosts the economy by providing extra jobs to the locals which reduces rural depopulation. (1)

Diversification disadvantages (developed rural)

This leads to an increase in tourism meaning the natural scenery is affected by things like footpath erosion. (1)

New technology advantages (developed rural)

Increased profit for the farmer as fewer workers are needed meaning less wages are paid. (1) Farm activities can be finished quicker and more efficiently. (1) Computer irrigation systems ensure the appropriate amount of water is given meaning there is no water wastage. (1)

New technology disadvantages (developed rural)

The price of new technology is very expensive and the cost to repair is incredibly high. (1) When people become unemployed, they move away to find work which leads to rural depopulation. (2)

Organic farming advantages (developed rural)

Chemical free food is grown to meet consumer demands. (1) Decrease is river pollution as there is no chemical run off, leading to aquatic wildlife being protected. (1)

Organic farming disadvantages (developed rural)

More labour intensive as it takes more effort and time to grow. (1)

Fertilisers and pesticides advantages (developed rural)

Helps to improve production on the farm. (1)

Fertilisers and pesticides disadvantages (developed rural)

Overuse of chemicals results in environmental damage. (1)

Introduction of GM crops advantages (developing rural)

Increased crop yield and improved resistance to diseases as the seeds contain pesticides. (1) More reliable harvest as the seeds are designed to withstand droughts and heatwaves. (1)

Introduction of GM crops disadvantages (developing rural)

Some GM crops can result in “superweeds” which are very difficult to control. (1) Some people have health concerns when it comes to eating GM crops and believe that they are unsafe. (1) GM seeds are protected by intellectual property meaning that the prices are controlled big companies, leading to unsustainable business partnerships. (1)

New technology advantages (developing rural)

More efficient meaning that there is less physical work required. (1)

New technology disadvantages (developing rural)

Cost to purchase and repair machinery is very expensive which most people in a developing country cannot afford. (2) Fewer jobs are available; when people become unemployed they will move out, contributing to rural depopulation. (2)

Biofuels advantages (developing rural)

Biofules are significantly cheaper than fossil fuels meaning people in developing countries can afford it. (1) Growing and collecting plants for biofules provides jobs for people in rural areas. (1)

Biofuels disadvantages (developing rural)

Certain biofuels are corrosive so cannot be used in some vehicles. (1)