lifespan- human development 2

theory

et of logically related concepts

what do theorys seek to do

• Organize, explain, & predict data, the information gathered by research.

what do theoretical concepts help see

connections between isolated pieces of data

Hypotheses

possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research.

what did locke say that a young child is

a blank slate

what did rousseau believe child were

he believed children are born noble savages

Mechanistic model

model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli.

what do Mechanistic researchers want to identify

the factors that make people behave as they do

Organismic model

model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages.

what do Mechanist theories see development as

continuous: as occurring in small incremental stages

Organismic theorists are…

proponents of stage theories in which development is seen as occurring in a series of distinct stages, like stair steps

Quantitative change

changes in number or amount, such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication

Qualitative change

discontinuous changes in kind, structure, or organization.

A major difference among developmental theories is:

a) whether it proceeds continuously, as learning theorists and information-processing theorists propose,

or

(b) whether development occurs in distinct stages, as Freud, Erikson, and Piaget maintained.

what are the 5 major perspectives that underlie much influential theories and research on human development

◦ Psychoanalytic

◦ Learning

◦ Cognitive

◦ Contextual

◦ Evolutionary /Sociobiological

who was the originator of the psychoanalytic perspective

sigmund freud

psychoanalytic perspective

a view of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior

psychoanalytic perspective parts

◦ Much of development involves learning how to satisfy urges in socially acceptable ways.

◦ Early experiences shape later functioning.

◦ Childhood is the precursor to adult behavior.

Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Development- oral stage

age- birth to about 15 Months

unconscious conflict- sucking and feeding

Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Development- anal stage

age 12-18 Months to 3 year

unconscious conflict- potty training

Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Development- phallic stage

age 3-6 years

unconscious conflict- attachment to parents

Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Development- latency stage

age- 6 to puberty

unconscious conflcit- socialization

Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Development- genital stage

age- puberty to adult

unconscious conflict- mature adult sexuality

how many hypothetical parts of the personality did Freud proposed

3

id part of personality

The id governs newborn behavior and operates on the pleasure principle.

ego part of personality

The ego, which represents reason, develops gradually in early life and operates under the reality principle.

superego part of personality

The superego develops later in childhood and includes the conscience

Psychosexual development

in Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals.

what did erik erikson do

modified and extended Freudian theory by emphasizing the influence of society

Psychosocial development

in Erikson’s eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of

development of the ego, or self.

what does each stage of erik thing involove

a major psychological challenge or issue that must be satisfactorily resolved for healthy development.

Learning perspective

view of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the environment.

• Behavior is the focus because it is observable/countable.

Behaviorism

learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing

observable behavior. Focuses on associative learning between two events:

• Classical conditioning

• Operant conditioning

Classical conditioning

learning based on associating a stimulus that does notordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response.

classical conditioning examples

ivan pavlovs experiement with dogs

• stimulus and response

Operant conditioning

learning based on association of behavior with its consequences

• involoves volubtary behavior

who is a important person for operant conditioning

B.F skinner

reinforcement

The process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

punishment

the process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition

Social learning theory

theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models.

Reciprocal determinism

Albert Bandura’s term for bidirectional forces that affect development. The person acts on the world as the world acts on the person

observational learning/ modeling

learning through watching the behavior of others.

• Children develop self-efficacy and confidence.

Cognitive perspective

view that thought processes are central to development.

◦ The cognitive-stage theory of Jean Piaget;

◦ Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development; and

◦ The information-processing approach.

what deos learning evolove from

sensorimotor activity to logical and then abstract thought.

Cognitive-stage theory

Piaget’s theory that children’s cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations.

Organization

creation of categories or systems of knowledge. Schemes to organize patterns.

Adaptation

adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation and accommodation.

assimilation

incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure.

accommodation

changes in a cognitive structure to include new information.

Equilibration

the tendency to seek a stable balance between cognitive structures and experiences. A balance between assimilation and accommodation

what does cognitive development begin

with an inborn ability to adapt to the environment

whos created Sociocultural theory

vygotsky

Sociocultural theory

Vygotsky’s theory of how contextual factors affect children’s development.

what do people learn through

social interaction

Zone of proximal development

difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.

sociocultural theory of development

a person’s cognitive development is largely influenced by their surrounding culture

Scaffolding

temporary support to help a child master a task.

• holding the towerwhile the kid builds the base

Evolutionary/sociobiological perspective

view of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior ( Wilson,1975)

what is the Evolutionary/sociobiological perspective influenced by

darwin’s theory of evolution

darwin’s theory of evolution

• survival of the fittest

• natural selection

survival of the fittest

o Animals with traits suited to environment survive

o These adaptive traits are passed on to offspring

natural selection

As environments change, traits change in adaptiveness

Researchers in human development work with two methodological traditions what are they

quantitative and qualitative

◦ Each has different goals and different ways of seeing and interpreting reality.

◦ Each emphasizes different means of collecting and analyzing data.

what must research attempt to balance

the possible benefits against the risk of mental, emotional, or physical injury to participants.

what are the ethics of research considerations

◦ Informed consent

◦ Avoidance of deception

◦ Protection from harm and loss of dignity

◦ Privacy and confidentiality

◦ Right to decline or withdraw

◦ Responsibility of investigators to correct undesirable effects

Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development: Age: birth to 12-18 mon

stage- basic trust versus mistrust

virtue- hope

Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development: Age: 12-18 mon to 3 yr

stage- autonomy versus shame and doubt

virtue- will

Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development: Age: 3 -6 yr

stage- initiative vs guilt

virtue purpose

Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development: Age: 6 yr to puberty

stage- industry vs inferiority

virtue- skill

Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development: Age: puberty to young adulthood

stage identity vs identity confusion

virtue- fidelity

Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development: Age: young adulthood

stage- intimacy vs isolation

virtue- love

Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development: Age: middle adulthood

stage- generativity vs stagnation

virtue- care

Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development: Age: late adulthood

stage- integrity vs despair

virtue- wisdom

Jean Piaget’s Cognitive-Stage Theory: sensorimotor

age: birth to 2 yr

features: organizing activites in relation to the environment throughsensory and motot activity

Jean Piaget’s Cognitive-Stage Theory: preoperational

age: 2-7yr

features: development of a representational system, use of symbols, language and imaginative play

Jean Piaget’s Cognitive-Stage Theory: concrete operations

age: 7-11 yr

features: logical problem solving when focused on the here and now not able to think abstractly

Jean Piaget’s Cognitive-Stage Theory: formaal operations

age: 11- adulthood

features: thinking abstractly, dealing with hypothetical situations, and thinking about possibilities.