Cardiovascular and Renal Considerations in Pediatric Patients

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts related to cardiovascular and renal considerations in pediatric patients.

Congenital Heart Defects

Heart defects that kids are born with.

Increased pulmonary blood flow

Category of congenital heart defects where there is excess blood flow to the lungs.

Decreased pulmonary blood flow

Category of congenital heart defects where blood flow to the lungs is reduced.

Mixed disorders

Congenital heart defects that exhibit both increased and decreased blood flow.

Obstructive disorders

Congenital heart defects that obstruct normal blood flow.

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening in the atrial septum.

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

A congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening in the ventricular septum.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

A congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth.

Tetralogy of Fallot (TET)

A congenital heart defect that involves four anatomical abnormalities.

Heart Failure in Infants

A condition in infants where the heart cannot pump effectively.

Impaired cardiac function

A presentation of heart failure where the heart does not perform well.

Support cardiac function

Treatments aimed at improving heart performance.

Promote oxygenation

Methods to ensure adequate oxygen supply to tissues.

Nursing priorities for heart failure

Fluid and electrolyte balance, infection prevention, family education.

Furosemide

A medication used to decrease fluid volume in heart failure.

ACE inhibitors

Medications that promote vascular relaxation.

Digoxin

A medication that increases cardiac contractility.

EKG Rhythms

Recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

Rhythm (EKG interpretation)

The pattern of heartbeats measurable on an EKG.

Rate (EKG interpretation)

The number of heartbeats per minute as determined from an EKG.

P-waves

Electrical impulses originating from the atria observed on an EKG.

PR interval

The time from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex.

QRS complex

The part of an EKG that represents ventricular depolarization.

Sinus Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias originating from the sinus node.

Bradycardia

A heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.

Tachycardia

A heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.

Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)

Rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles.

Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)

An irregular, often rapid heart rate that commonly causes poor blood flow.

Ventricular Tachycardia (Vtach)

A fast heart rhythm originating from the ventricles.

Ventricular Fibrillation (Vfib)

A life-threatening heart rhythm that results in no effective blood flow.

Torsades de Pointes

A specific form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.

Asystole

Absence of any electrical activity in the heart.

Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)

A condition where there is electrical activity but no pulse.

Cardioversion

A synchronized shock used to restore normal heart rhythm.

Defibrillation

An unsynchronized shock used for life-threatening heart rhythms.

Acute pulmonary edema

A sudden increase in fluid in the lungs, a medical emergency.

Heart Block

A condition where the conduction of electrical impulses is impaired in the heart.

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

The heart's natural pacemaker located in the right atrium.

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

A part of the conduction pathway of the heart.

Bundle of His

A pathway for electrical signals in the heart.

Echocardiogram

An imaging test that uses sound waves to produce images of the heart.

Cardiac Cath

A procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

The disease of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.

Heart Attack (AMI)

Myocardial infarction caused by blocked blood supply to heart muscle.

Fluid Balance

Monitoring intake and output to assess hydration status.

Urine Output

The volume of urine produced, an indicator of kidney function.

Urinalysis

A test that examines urine for various disorders.

Defibrillate

To deliver an electric shock to the heart to restore normal rhythm.

Diuretics

Medications that help to remove excess fluid from the body.

Systolic BP

The pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the heart.

Left-sided heart failure

A condition where the left side of the heart does not pump effectively.

Right-sided heart failure

A condition where the right side of the heart does not pump effectively.

Pericarditis

Infection and inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart.

Myocarditis

Inflammation of the heart muscle.

Dysrhythmias

Abnormal heart rhythms that can affect the function of the heart.

Pulmonary Congestion

Buildup of fluid in the lung tissue.

Hypoxia

A deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues.

Infants' normal HR

Infants typically have a heart rate ranging from 90-150 bpm.

EKG Paper

Graphical representation of heart's electrical activity over time.

Valvular Heart Diseases

Diseases affecting the valves of the heart which can impede blood flow.

Patient Education

Teaching provided to patients regarding their health and medications.

Neonate heart rate

Normal heart rate for neonates is significantly higher than for older children.

Cardiac Rehabilitation

A structured program addressing risk factors and improving cardiac health.

Heart Failure Treatment

May include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and lifestyle changes.

Ketoacidosis

A metabolic state characterized by elevated ketone bodies and acidosis.

Edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues.

Anemia

A condition characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells.

Anticoagulants

Medications that prevent blood clotting.

S3 Gallop

An abnormal heart sound associated with heart failure.

Vital Signs

Clinical measurements including heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and respiration.

Pediatric Renal Considerations

Differences in kidney function and care in pediatric patients.

Urinary Catheterization

Procedure for placing a catheter into the bladder.

Fluid Overload

A medical condition where excess fluid accumulates in the body.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Progressive loss of kidney function over time.

Renal Calculi

Solid masses made up of crystals formed in the urinary tract.

End-stage renal disease

Final stage of chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis or transplant.

Peritoneal Dialysis

A dialysis method that uses the peritoneum in the abdomen.

Hemodialysis

Dialysis that uses a machine to filter waste from the blood.

Kidney Transplant

Surgical procedure to place a healthy kidney into a person whose kidneys no longer function.

Hospital-acquired Infections (HAI)

Infections acquired in a healthcare setting.

Antibiotic prophylaxis

Preventive use of antibiotics to treat and prevent infections.

Cardiac Output

The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute.

Dysrhythmia

Any disturbance of the heart rhythm.

Edema management

Strategies to reduce fluid retention and swelling.

Assessing perfusion

Monitoring blood flow and oxygen supply to tissues.

Signs of heart failure

May include dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention.

Arterial and Venous systems

Components of the circulatory system responsible for blood flow.

Peripheral vascular disease

Disorders of circulation in the extremities.