ANT 165 Quiz 2

Who were the primates of Paleocene?

Plesiadapiformes 65-56 MyA

Who were the first primate of eocene

Adapoids - early streph

omomyoids. -early tarsier or haph

56-34 MyA

First Haphlorrhines my have

May have evolved in the Eocene, but radiated during Oligocene (34-23 MyA)

First Homonoids (Apes)

22-5 MyA

Where did oldest Apes go?

Late/mid Miocene, climate cooled with less tropical rainforests, reduction of ape taxa.

Pliocene-Pleisocene

Last 5 Mya

Reduced forests, increased radiation of monkeys, decreased in hominoids

Modern Synthesis of Evolutionary Theory

Adds Malthusian competition, variation, mutation, medelian genes and genetic inheritance to the idea of natural selection

Extended Evolutionary Synthesis Adds

Plasticity, Inclusive inheritance, and Niche Construction

Niches are

context for evolution

includes the structural, temporal, and social context in which a species exists. It includes space, structure, climate, nutrients, and other physical and social factors

Plasticity/Accomodatin

Developmental, or phenotypic, plasticity is the capacity of an organism to change its phenotype in response to the environment.

Accommodation: the mutual and often functional adjustment of parts of an organism during development that typically does not involve genetic mutation

Inclusive Inheritance

Inheritance occurs beyond just the genetic level – epigenetic changes can be inherited

Multiple pathways of Inheritance

genetic, epigenetic, behavioral and symbolic/cultural) can affect

evolutionary processes

Characteristics of Hominin evolution

Bipedalism

Brain size increase

Tool Use

Fire and Food

Culture

What happened in Micoene?

Micoene 23-5 Mya; temperatures drop, more seasonal, more wood and grasslands

many species, died, changed, or lost numbers

Why Bipedalism

Feeding adaptations in Miocene apes

harvesting fruit from woodland trees

Keeping cool

hands free for other things

How are human different from apes?

Habitual bipeds

wide and paraboilic dentition

thick molar enamals,

large molars

small canines and no CP3

long juvenile period and slow development

big brain and culture through social language

LCA of Chimp and humans

Diverges around 7-5 Mya, still unknown

Sahelenthropus Tchadensis

5-7 Mya in Chad, no CP3, small brain and maybe bipedal with browridge

Orrorin Tugensis

6 Mya in Kenya, maybe bipedal, climing lmbs and teetj were a mix of chimp and human

ardipithecus Ramidus

4.4 Mya in Ethiopia

Bipedal, somoe prognathism with small brain

no cp3

opposable big toe and equal arm/legs

The Austrolopithcenes

Genus includes multiple species dating from 4.2 million to 1.4 million years ago

Mix of bipedal locomotion and ape-like features

Small-brained creatures (but bigger than chimpanzees) with lots

of sexual dimorphism in body mass and a little in canine size

Small incisors/canines relative to body size

Diet: herbivores & possibly some meat-eating

Some species had specialized dietary adaptations

Au. Anamensis

East Africa 4.3-3.9 MyA

Bipedal long forearms with ape fingers

large canines, prognathic and lives in wood/grasslands

Au. Afarensis

East Africa 3.6-3 Mya

Lucy (bipedal, but short wide pelvis)

small brain, prognathic

canines, large range of habitats

long femoral neck

Au. Africanus

3-22 Mya in South Africa

bigger brain than others. less prognathic, with small front teeth

shorter less dimorphic canines

central Foramen magnum

chimp like dentition

lots of c4 foods like tubers, grass, roots, seeds

Au. Garhi

Ethipia, 2.5 Mya

Sagittal crest, more. robustt

Bigger teeth

maybe used tools????

Au Sediba

South Africa .977 Mya

420 cc brain

small cheek teeth like humans

human like pelvis and hands

ape like feet

different ways of bipedalism

like au. africanus

What are the robust Australopithecines

Unlike Gracile forms, around 2.5 Mya a new more robust form known as paranthropus evolve. special diet and different jaw/teeth

Robust Au’s have:

Large cheek teeth

huge chewing muscles and broad flared cheek bones

large temporal fossa

post orbital constriction

P. Aesthiopicus

Ethiopia, 2.5 Mya

small brain and prognathic with otherwise robust features

P. Bosei

East African, 2.2-1.3 MyA

Hyper Robust- sexually dimorphic body size

4-5 hundred cc

sagittal crest, heavy chewer

P. Roustus

South African form

1.8 1 mya

500-530 cc brain

sagital crest chewer

see root nuts and c4 plants

Kenyanthropus Platypos

only one species? is it a varient of au?

3.5-3.2 ya

less prognathic but small brain

only face found

Early Homo

2.3 Mya East Africa Larger brain and more human teeth

The Pleistocene

2.5M to 12k years ago

ice ae but not all ice → glaciall then ccold/dry climate

fast cycling climate

climate slowed down around 1.25 MyA

creates new feeding niches

What are the agreed upon features of Homo

larger brain

smaller flatter face

small jaws and teeth

increased reliance on culture and stoneools to exploit more ofmthe environment

Other, less agreed on features of homo

Larger body size

longlegs short arms

reduce sex dimorph.

chin in later species

Ledi Geraru

2.8 Mya East Africa

could be earliest homo fossil

small dental and mandible

no chin

bipedal spine and homo teeth

Homo Habilis

oldest most widely accepted homo

2.3-1.5 Mya found in Tanzania

presumed to make tools

larger brain than Au.

no sagittal crest and small teeth

Homo Habilis, cont.

Found in East Africa with lots of variability

Post Cranial:

long strong thumbs, straight short fingers with broad fingertips

means they had more manual dexterity

H. Habilis Taxonomy

Ppl say that it might be two species

H. Hablis smaller brain and less robust

H. Rudolfensis. morerobust and big brain 2.4-1.6 mya

Olduwan tool industry

Mode One very simple stone tools

H. Ergaster

Africa 1.8-600k ya

East/South

Oldowanm tools

have eye narrowing eceeded forehead and no chin

but also less prgnathic, taller skull, small jaws, post canine teehs and projecting nose

larger brain

and limbs are similar to modern human

less dimorphic and have terrestrial life history

possible slow developmen

Homo Ergaster Tools

1.6-1.4 M Years ago they started using Mode 2 Acheulean tools alongside mode 1

more specific design

bifacial

hand axe→ cleavers and larger than modern 1 tools

H. Ergaster Diet

Most likely ate meat and had controlled use of fire

temprerate habitat

Use of cooking

Softens food

• Reduces toxins

• Reduces physical barriers

• Bursts cells

• Changes molecular structure

• Increases starch/fiber digestion (12-

75%)

• Increases protein digestion (6-35%)

• Increases dietary breadth

• Decreases cost of digestio

Leaving Africa

1.8 Mya H ergaster leaves africa for eurasia maybe becomes H Erectus

How are the new fossils different from early homo and Australopithecines

fossils of 800k to 300k YA have Diversified materials left with humans

large brain and body

less sex diffeences

shorter arms and longer legs

reduced teeth size

The Early Middle Pleistocene

900/300k YA

Colder more varied climate

migration to Eurasia

Climae changes shaped homo lieae

Ergaster became smarter

Homo Heidelbergensis

Afroeurasia

900/130k YA

Large rain with some primative features like low skull,, thick cranium, robust

but also had sidewalls and high foreheads and round skull backs

used refined tools (1 and 2)

Late middle/late pliestocene

300k in Africa mode 3 tools appear

Hom Floesiensis

The hobbit

14-16k YA

1 meter tall small brain and very primitive feet shoulder pelvis and waist

used flake tools

coexisted in Indonesia

Homo Naledi

300-236k YA

South Africa

Small heads and low EQ

small and thin

use of trees

burials and fire

Neanderthals

130-30k YA

big brain

short muscle body

low forehead big browridge

big face big nose

small teeh and worn out

occipital bun

personal adornments

burials and mode 3 tools

difficult lives

Early Homo Sapien

Africa 190 Kya omo ethiopia

large brain no specialization

large face Chin prominent brows

high rounded braincase

sophisticated tech and behaviour

Muddle In the Middle

3 theories of H sapien evolution and phylogeny

Multiregional theory

wolpoff- all one species all became humans

partial replacement

rightmire

we evolved in africa

went from ergaster to heidelburg to human/neanderthal

Complete replacemnt

evolved in africa completely replacing erectus than ergaster then neanderthals and humans

3 distinct, genetially isolated species

done :P