Enlightenment Thinkers

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher who argued that all humans are naturally wicked. Believed that an absolute monarchy is the best form of government. Thought governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness.

John Locke

English philosopher who believed that people have the ability to reason and make good decisions. Thought governments should be formed only with the approval of the people they are governing. Argued that governments should be established to protect everyone's natural rights.

Baron de Montesquieu

French political thinker who believed that a monarchy with limited powers makes a country stable and secure. Established the idea of "separation of powers"

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Swiss philosopher who believed that society had corrupted the natural goodness in people. Argued that only through direct democracy can people's freedom be protected. Believed that women's education should be on becoming a better wife and mother.

Aristotle

Greek philosopher who believed that humans reach their highest potential in organized society and government. Favored society where all citizens are educated and participate in government, but was unrealistic. Favored the rule of a king through guidance of philosophers.

Fredrick II of Prussia

king of Prussia who granted religious freedom, reduced censorship, and improved education; abolished use of torture; made clear his goal was to serve and strengthen his country

Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria

ruler of Austria who introduced freedom of press, supported freedom of worship, and abolished serfdom (all of which was undone after his death)

Catherine the Great of Russia

great monarch of Russia who exchanged letters with Voltaire and wanted to reform Russian laws; gave nobles absolute power over serfs after their uprising; none of her goals were accomplished