Psych Chapter 10

personality

What is personality?

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.

What is the origin of the word 'personality'?

It comes from the Latin word 'persona', which refers to a mask worn by an actor.

What are the four separate temperaments theorized by Hippocrates?

Choleric, melancholic, sanguine, and phlegmatic.

Choleric temperament characteristics

Passionate, ambitious, and bold.

Melancholic temperament characteristics

Reserved, anxious, and unhappy.

Sanguine temperament characteristics

Joyful, eager, and optimistic.

Phlegmatic temperament characteristics

Calm, reliable, and thoughtful.

What did Franz Gall propose in phrenology?

That the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person’s personality traits.

What is the 'Oedipus complex'?

It refers to a child's desire for the opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward the same-sex parent.

What is Freud's concept of the 'id'?

The part of personality that contains primitive urges and operates on the 'pleasure principle'.

What is the role of the 'superego' according to Freud?

It serves as a moral compass that develops through social interactions, guiding our behavior according to social rules.

What does the 'ego' do?

It attempts to balance the needs of the id and the demands of the superego.

Stages of Psychosexual Development: What happens during the Oral Stage?

Pleasure is obtained from sucking and eating, with a major conflict of weaning.

What is the 'inferiority complex' in Adler's theory?

A feeling of lack of worth and not measuring up to societal standards.

What does Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasize?

The development of personality throughout the lifespan based on social relationships.

What is the 'collective unconscious'?

Carl Jung's concept of a universal unconscious holding mental patterns or traces common to all humans.

What did Karen Horney focus on in her theories of personality?

She emphasized the cultural basis of gender differences and the importance of unconscious anxiety.

What is Bandura's social-cognitive theory?

It emphasizes the role of cognitive processes and the interaction of behavior and the environment in personality development.

Define 'locus of control'.

Beliefs about the power we have over our lives; it can be internal or external.

What are the HEXACO traits?

Honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness.

What are projective tests in psychology?

Tests that rely on ambiguous stimuli to assess unconscious processes, such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test.

Difference between individualist and collectivist cultures

Individualist cultures value independence and personal achievement; collectivist cultures value social harmony and group needs.

What is a 'Freudian slip'?

An unintentional error in speech that Freud believed revealed unconscious urges.