Respiratory Disorders in the Newborn Infant

Practice flashcards covering embryology, clinical examination, differential diagnoses, and specific upper/lower respiratory disorders in newborns based on lecture notes.

According to the clinical examination, what are the primary signs of respiratory distress in a newborn?

Tachypnoea ($\text{RR} > 60/\text{min}$, nasal flaring, grunting, and recessions (retractions).

What is the hyperoxia test used for during a clinical examination?

To differentiate between cardiac and respiratory causes of cyanosis.

Why is Choanal Atresia considered life-threatening in neonates?

Because neonates are obligate nasal breathers, and Choanal Atresia causes airway obstruction that is only alleviated by crying.

Which three clinical features form the triad for Pierre Robin Syndrome?

Micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate.

What is the most common cause of respiratory distress in term infants?

Transient Tachypnoea of the Newborn (TTN).

What is the underlying pathophysiology of Transient Tachypnoea of the Newborn (TTN)?

A delay in the absorption of lung fluid due to sodium channels not being activated, often following elective C-section or gestational diabetes.

What classic radiographic findings are seen on a Chest X-ray (CXR) for a newborn with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)?

Low lung volume and a diffuse reticulogranular ground glass appearance with air bronchograms.

What is the most common organism responsible for Congenital Pneumonia in newborns?

Group B Streptococcus.

In Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS), what is the 'ball-valve effect'?

Airway obstruction where meconium allows air in but prevents it from leaving, leading to overdistention of the lung, alveolar rupture, and pneumothorax.

What is the most common site for a Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)?

A left-sided hernia of the bowel through the posterolateral foramen of the diaphragm, known as Bochdalek.

What clinical sign regarding the abdomen is characteristic of a Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)?

A scaphoid abdomen.

Why should mask ventilation and CPAP be avoided in infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)?

To prevent further bowel distention in the thorax, which would worsen lung compression; infants should be intubated and ventilated from birth instead.

What does the VACTERAL association or CHARGE syndrome often involve in the context of Tracheoesophageal Fistula?

CHARGE includes Coloboma, Heart defects, Atresia choanae, Growth retardation, Genital abnormalities, and Ear abnormalities.

How is the diagnosis of Tracheoesophageal Fistula typically confirmed via radiology?

A Chest X-ray showing the Nasogastric-tube (NGT) coiled in the proximal oesophagus.

What is the emergency management for a clinical diagnosis of Tension Pneumothorax in a newborn?

Needle decompression and insertion of an Intercostal Drain (ICD).

What is the characteristic stridor timing in a newborn with Laryngomalacia?

Stridor occurs while feeding or sleeping.

What are the maternal illness risk factors for Congenital Pneumonia?

Maternal fever, tachycardia, chorioamnionitis, history of maternal UTI, or vaginitis.