23 - Ethics 2026

Nuremberg Code

This focuses on the human rights of research subjects, informed voluntary consent, and appropriate benefits and risks.

Declaration of Helsinki

This focuses on the obligations of the physician-investigator

• Respect of Life

• Respect for Persons

• Social Justice

• Beneficence

• Primum Non Nocere

What are the fundamental principles of the code of ethics?

Substituted judgment

Basis of surrogate decision-making when the patient's preferences are known

Mexico City Principles

This serves as the world's only voluntary guidance for ethical business conduct in the biopharmaceutical sector, with government and multi-stakeholder recognition

• Respect for persons

• Beneficence

• Justice

3 basic principles relevant to the ethics of research involving human subjects

Alma-Ata Declaration

It is the first international declaration on primary health care

Autonomy

Patients having full authority over their decision-making highlights what principle?

Justice

Treating others equitably and the distribution of benefits/burdens fairly highlights what principle?

Beneficence

To actively do what's best for the patient highlights what principle

Non - Maleficence

Non-harming or inflicting the least possible harm to reach a beneficial goal highlights what principle?

• Understanding illness

• Understanding patients

• Performing obligations

• Acknowledging limits of capacity

Components of the Hippocratic Oath

• Nature of the act

• Agent's intention

• Distinction between means and effects

• Proportionality between the good and bad effects

Conditions in the principle of double effect