Exam 2PSYCHOLOGY

Learning

Lasting change in behavior as the result of an experience

Multiple Kinds of Learning

Motor Skills → Ride a Bike

Simple Association → Clssical Operant and Classical Conditioning

Memory

Consiste of information that is encoded and stored in the brain as he result of an experience. We can’t see but we infer that they exists cause we can beahvioral change as a function of experience.

Ivan Pavlov

Russian Physiologist. Discovered and popularized the concept of the conditioned reflex as a way to study association in the brain. Classical conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Learn by consequence. Punishment or reinforcement

Positive punishment

Is giving something bad ( Violence, abuse )

Negative punishment

Removal something good. ( take your phone, don’t let you go out. )

Positiive Reinforcement ( increase )

Add something good as. Reward after bahvior response

Negative reinforcement

Remove something bad after a behavioral response. ( clock alarm )

Primary reinforcement

Hugs, kisses, food, water, sex

Secondary Reinforcement

Money, claps, sticker, happy face, stars

Reinforcement Schedules

Continuous → Get rewarded every time ( easy to extinguish)

Fixed Ratio → Get reward after a constant number of responses/ ( every 7 , or every 3 times) ( WEEKLY QUIZ)

Fixed Interval → Reward after a constant period of time ( get paid each week or each 15 days)

Variable Ratio→ provided after a variable amount of time ( could be in one hour, days or never)

Variable Interval → provided after a variable amount of responses ( could be in one try, thousand or no ever) ( slot machine )

Classical Conditioning

By Pavlov. Is what we know as learn by association. WE give new meaning to the things and that where the fears came form.

The little Albert experiment

The baby at first thought that the rat is cute, but when the loud came ( the US) baby start crying ( UR), then when he se the rat again ( before NS), h associates the rat with the loud ( CS) , so he start to e afraid of the rat ( CR), so now, even with no loud, he is gonna be afraid of the rat.

Pavlov Dog

The dogs, as unconditioned response start salivating when they saw food ( US). The bell is the neutral stimulus, but when you start associates the after the bell came food ( CS) , the dog start to salivating just seeing the bell( CR)

B.F SKINNER

Operant conditioning ( Reinforcement and Punsj)

Edward Throndike

Law of effect . Learn by error.

Edward toleman

Cognitive Learning

Anterograde Amnesia

What Patient h.m was affected by. MEANS THAT You don’t remember anything that happened after brain damage.

Patient H.M

He suffered epilepsy so, he need to be removed off his hippocampus. What means that he is not loner available to had declarative memories as, semantic or episodic. ( long term memory). And his short term memory just could remember something that happen less than a minute. He still could remember the childhood or their procedural memory ( motor skills) because that is found in their cerebelllum and amygdala.

Albert bender

Learn by observation