2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 Part 2 Depth Study: History AQA A level Revision.

Forces of instability: Balkan nationalism.

The Ottomans controlled some Balkan countries for almost five centuries, from the 15th to the 20th century, which is why the Balkan countries wanted to gain independence from the Ottoman Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, Serbia and Montenegro began conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, raising rebellions. The Ottomans mostly managed to resist them, but Balkan nationalism grew.

The stubbornness and desire to free themselves were awakened, strengthening Balkan nationalism. The Balkans saw the Russians as "brothers" because they were Slavic and had the same religion. At the same time, the Ottomans and the Austro-Hungarians who controlled these areas were sabotaged by Serbs.

Forces of instability: Balkan nationalism and its significance for Austria-Hungary and Russia.

Russia benefited from the Balkans because it wanted access to the Mediterranean Sea, which is why it saw the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empire as enemies.

Russia and the Ottoman Empire clashed and fought many times, even in the Balkans. When the Balkans rose against the Ottomans, Russia supported them. On the other hand, the Ottomans supported Germany and Austria-Hungary.

At the beginning of the 20th century, a major conflict arose between Russia and Austria-Hungary, which had opposing ambitions in Southeast Europe. Austria-Hungary's desire to crush Serbia and Russia's support for Serbia led to a crisis in the Balkans

Forces of instability: militarism and the position of the German army in the Second Reich.

Germany started a policy of militarism that influenced who would take whose side in the First World War. Germany began the process of militarisation, concluding the Triple Pact first with Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1882, which later became known as the Central Powers alliance. They were later joined by the Ottoman Empire (today's Turkey) and Bulgaria in 1915.

A nationalist form of militarism ruled in Germany.

Germany invested a lot of money in armaments and the army, which led to a large number of civilians becoming part of the German army. The number of citizens in uniform has increased.

Forces of instability: the arms and naval races; military plans

Great Britain did dominate Europe in terms of the navy and armaments, but new great powers appeared that showed interest in investing in the navy and the war industry at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. These were Germany and, later, Russia.

So, at the beginning of the 20th century, the first arms race followed. At this time, it was already clear which country supported whom, and the two main competing countries were Britain and Germany

Evolving alliances: the Moroccan crises.

Morocco is an African country with access to the Mediterranean Sea, which is why it attracted the imperialist countries of Europe.

The First Moroccan Crisis took place in 1905, and it was the Franco-German conflict over Morocco. France, Britain, and Spain had an interest in the territory. However, Germany, which rose as another European power at the end of the 19th century, also saw interest. The primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis was that Britain, France, and Russia began to see Germany as a threat to all of Europe.

The Second Moroccan Crisis.

The Second Moroccan Crisis began in 1912. After the second Moroccan crisis, France received a protectorate over Morocco but ceded part of the Congo colony to Germany.

After these two crises, Germany further strengthened its naval forces and increased its army.

Evolving alliances: Anglo-French Entente.

After " processing the information" that they had a common nemesis, France and England decided to smooth out their relations and form an alliance.

They concluded the Entente Cordiale in April 1904, settling long-standing colonial disputes in North Africa and establishing a diplomatic understanding between the two countries.

Evolving alliances: the formation of the Triple Entente.

France, Great Britain, and Russia formed the Triple Alliance in 1907. She joined this alliance to oppose the Triple Pact concluded by Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882.

Germany was the biggest threat to Britain and France, while Russia had conflicts and misunderstandings with Austria-Hungary in Southeastern Europe.

The decline of the Ottoman Empire: the weakening of the Empire in Eastern Europe.

The Ottoman Empire began to lose its political and economic power in the 19th century, but even before that, its influence gradually weakened as other European countries industrialised, and the Ottoman Empire did not. During the 19th century, many countries in Eastern Europe gained independence from the Omani Empire, for example, Greece in 1830.

Russia was the greatest competition and threat to the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. However, during the Balkan wars between 1912 and 1913, the Ottomans lost all their territories in Eastern Europe, which preceded their collapse in 1922.

The decline of the Ottoman Empire: the causes and consequences of the Young Turk Movement.

The Young Turk movement arose in opposition to Sultan Abdul Hamid II's (1876-1909) regime in the Ottoman Empire. Their goal was to overthrow Sultan Hamid II and implement certain changes to preserve the Ottoman Empire.

The Young Turk Revolution, which began in 1908, should be viewed as the result of this movement. The primary purpose of the revolution was to abolish autocracy, approve a new Constitution, convene parliament, and return to the rule of law, all of which were intended to democratise the Empire and assure its existence through the execution of certain reforms.

Panslavism and the Bosnian Crisis: the causes.

When Austria-Hungary declared the annexation of Bosnia in 1908, the Balkan crisis or the Bosnian Crisis began. Protests began in Eastern Europe because Austria-Hungary had no right to do so without prior agreement with the great powers. The position of the Serbs who lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina was further aggravated, which caused intolerance between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.

Although the Austro-Hungarian Empire relatively peacefully took over Bosnia in 1908, what followed was not peaceful at all, because Austria-Hungary included a significant part of the Serbs in its borders with additional territory. There was an international crisis, and we were just waiting for the moment when war would break out.

Panslavism and the Bosnian Crisis: consequences of the Bosnian Crisis

A small conflict in the Balkans spread to the whole of Europe as many European powers entered into alliances that required them to defend each other. The two opposing alliances were the Central Powers and the Triple Entente.

As one of the forms of resistance to the Austro-Hungarian rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina, the revolutionary movement Young Bosnia arose. Gavrilo Princip, a Serb from Bosnia and one of the members of Young Bosnia, on June 28, 1914, carried out an assassination attempt on the Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne, Franz Ferdinand.

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, and thus, as it turned out, the First World War began.