microbiology chapter 26 homework

Interaction of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) with a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) results in

transmembrane signal transduction that initiates transcription of genes involved in phagocytosis, inflammation, and pathogen killing.

Which of the following is an example of a barrier defense that forms part of the innate immunity of vertebrates?

Acidity in the stomach kills many microbes.

The process by which antibodies block interactions between pathogens or their products and host cells is termed

neutralization.

What does the plasma membrane of a phagocyte attach to on a microorganism?

Glycoproteins

The process by which a phagocyte moves toward a chemical signal at the site of an infection is called

chemotaxis.

Which of the following phagocytic processes occurs last in the sequence?

Exocytosis

What is the role of opsonins?

They create "handles" that make it easier for the pseudopods of phagocytes to attach to the microbe invader.

What is a phagolysosome?

The structure that results from the fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome.

Which of the following cell types is involved in innate immunity?

macrophages

Which of these immune system cells are phagocytes?

neutrophils

Some cells may not have class I MHC proteins on their surfaces due to a viral infection or because they have become cancerous. How does the immune system respond?

Natural Killer cells attach to these cells and kill them.

Which of the following is another term for antibodies?

immunoglobins

How are immune cells able to detect foreign pathogens?

They are able to detect structures on the surfaces of foreign cells that are not found in the host.

How does a capsule help certain bacteria evade detection by the immune system?

The capsule is composed of polysaccharides that are similar to those found in the host; thus, the immune system does not recognize it as foreign.

Which of the following microorganisms actually grows inside the macrophage?

Tuberculosis bacterium

How does the protozoan Trypanosoma evade detection by the immune system?

It can change the surface antigens frequently, preventing the immune system from tracking it.

Which statement about protective mechanisms employed by normal microbiota is false?

Normal microbiota spreading to locations where they are not normally found to prevent colonization from pathogens.

Arrange the following steps in order to describe the chronological order of the events in phagocytosis.

chemotaxis

adherence

ingestion

maturation

killing

elimination

Choose the statement that best describes why the lectin or alternative pathway would stimulate a more immediate response than the classical pathway.

Neither pathway relies on antibodies.

Choose the statement that is the most likely outcome of enhanced margination.

enhanced phagocytosis

The rapid increase in adaptive immunity after a second antigen exposure is called

immune memory.

Mucous membranes are a part of

innate defense.

According to the animation, B cells interact directly with

helper T cells.

Which of the following defense systems would be involved in fighting a viral pathogen?

T lymphocytes

According to the animation, antibodies interact with which innate defenses

Phagocytosis and the complement system

Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body?

Cytotoxic T cells

Chemokines are a group of small proteins that

attract T cells, phagocytes, and lymphocytes, as well as potentiate specific immune responses.

The cells active in both innate and adaptive immunity develop from common pluripotent precursors in the bone marrow called

stem cells.

Why is the spleen considered a secondary lymphoid organ?

B and T lymphocytes migrate to the spleen.