2 Respiratory

Salivary Mucocele

A mucus cyst which is not lined by epithelium and filled with saliva. And due to traumatic rupture of the lung would subsequent leakage this will be encapsulated by fibrous connective tissue

Clara cells

Specialized cells that responsible for detoxification of exogenous substance or foreign materials that enters the Respiratory tract

Conducting system

part of Respiratory System, where transporting, humidify, and filter air to the lungs. Consists of the nasal cavity, the larynx, the trachea until the bronchi

Transitional System

part of Respiratory System, cause she's so primary secondary and tertiary bronchioles. Line by stratified columnar, nonciliated but there are few that have cilia and they have Clara cells

Exchange System

Type 1 Pneumocytes

Type 2 Pneumocytes

part of Respiratory System, consist of the alveoli. It is lined by two types of cells

? - form the membrane of the alveoli. Line by squamous epithelium

? - responsible for production of surfactant that reduces surface tension within the alveoli to prevent collapse during exhalation. Lined by cuibodal epithelium. Only particles smaller than 10 micrometers can pass through the conducting system bacteria with two micrometers can pass through such that they can reach the exchange system to cause pneumonia

Dorsal Concha

Ventral Concha

Ethmoidal Concha

Dorsal Meatus and Ventral Meatus

3 Concha of Respiratory

? - Located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, it helps direct airflow and contributes to olfaction

? - Found in the lower part of the nasal cavity, it plays a significant role in warming and humidifying incoming air.

? - A complex structure associated with the ethmoid bone, it contains numerous small air passages that enhance the sense of smell

These three have spiral structures that trap materials. They will pass through these spaces in between the concha called ? and ?

When air enters the nasal cavity by forceful entry of the air those large particles will be pushed into the cervices since they are capable of producing mucus those particles will be trapped there. Then transported out by the cilia

• Air turbulence

• Mucus trapping

• Coughing and sneezing

  • Coughing

  • Sneezing

Specific

• Antibodies

• Cell-mediated immunity

• Secretions

• Phagocytosis

Thoracic indent Or Larynx

pulmonary alveolar macrophages or dust cells

Defense mechanism

Non-specific

• ? refers to the narrow passages of meatus would pushed the materials on to the surface of your Concha

• ? secreting mucin when hydrated will become mucus

• ? and ? are reflex mechanisms

  • ? happens if the foreign material is at the lower respiratory tract

  • ? happens if the foreign material is at the upper respiratory tract

Specific

• ?

• ?

• ?

• ?

Upper respiratory tract and Lower respiratory tract are separated by the ? or ?

Specialized cells responsible for phagocytosis are called ? or ?. They are the rested macrophages in the respiratory

Fact

They are very few abnormalities involving the nasal cavity because most of them would be a part of the more extensive cranial facial deformity (mostly secondary), like Cyclopia (one median eye) there is the formity in the nasal and it is secondary effect

Nasal Congestion / Hyperemia

congestion and hyperemia

Congestion

Hyperemia

Shock

Rhinitis

Commonly seen in animals exposed to irritant gases, shock, bloat and rhinitis

Nasal cavity is commonly susceptible to ? and ?. Remember that the nasal mucosa is highly vascularized at the point where if you got hit in the nose, it bleeds massively

?- one of the most common and non-specific cause . Usually associated with circulatory failure

? - is seen in most cases of inflammation. Although hyperemia can be seen while animals are exposed to irritants. Another is too much ammonia

? - refers to the decrease in tissue perfusion usually resulting from hypertension or severe reduction of blood pressure

? - refers to the inflammation of the basal mucosa or nasal lining

EPISTAXIS

• Nose bleeding

• Indicator of nasal trauma or neoplasia

regardless of the origin of the blood since the nasal cavity is highly vascularized. The blood is always red compared to the brownish blood (acid) of the stomach.

If there are ulcers at the stomach, blood may climb to the nasal cavity. Stomach blood is not part of ? because it specifically refers to bleeding within the nasal cavity

HEMOPTYSIS

• Blood in the mouth, saliva or sputum

• Associated with ruptured pulmonary vessels as a result of pneumonia, lung abscesses or ulcerative bronchitis

Rhinitis

Serous

Catarrhal

Fibrinous

Purulent

Granulomatous

Serous discharges are clear watery secretions caused by mild irritation or inflammation like cold air

Classification according to type of exudate

• ? – increased secretion of submucosal glands. Discharges are clear watery secretions caused by mild irritation or inflammation like cold air

• ? – goblet cell hyperplasia and excessive production of mucus. More severe form of Serous rhinitis. Fluid color depends on the agent but most of the time it is translucent to turbid

• ? – altered vascular permeability and exudation of fibrin. Inflammation is so severe that the pore size increase to the point that fibrin can leak out. Fibrinogen in the blood vessel will be converted into fibrin

• ? – chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes / pus

• ? – granuloma / fibrosis / polyps is associated with chronic allergic inflammation this is a tributed to fungal infection like Rhinus sporadium that can cause polyps

Streptococcus equi subspecies equi.

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Purulent Rhinitis

Strangles caused by ? Pus or exudate oozing out

Kennel Cough caused by ?

Fibrous rhinitis

Especially in cattle it is common to have infectious bovine rhinotracheitis or IBR That causes severe inflammation on the nasal passages

Granulomatous rhinitis

where numerous granuloma formed at the surface of nasal mucosa brought by the fungus like Aspergillus

ATROPHIC RHINITIS

• Characterized by atrophy of the conchae, deviation of nasal septum

• Increase osteoclastic, decrease osteoblastic activity

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa with atrophy caused by toxogenic bordetella bronchiseptica and toxogenic pasteurella multocida

Bordetella bronchiseptica this is capable of initial infection to the nasal mucosa causing mild atrophy of the nasal turbinate atrophy Once the damage has happened the secondary infection toxigenic pasteurella multocida that can produce Dermonecrotic toxin. The toxin will cause permanent turbinate atrophy and deviation of the nasal septum

Normally the toxins produced by pasteurella may cause disturbances of osteogenesis leading to increase osteoclastic (bone resorption) and decrease osteoblastic (bone formation). The toxin that can do this is the dermonecro toxin

Laryngitis

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx

Bacillus anthracis in swine can cause ?

Tracheitis

laryngotracheitis

inflammation of the trachea

These two are important because they can cause obstruction in the airway Viral infection called infectious ?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Asthma, Recurrent Airway Obstruction

metaplasia

- allergic reaction

- rapid and shallow breathing which hypertrophy of the abdominal muscle

- bronchiolar epithelium undergoes inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia

- airflow impediment leading to alveolar emphysema

However the disease can create goblet cell ? which produce mucus in the bronchioles into the lungs leading to alveolar emphysema

? is a permanent distension of the alveolar, most of the time leading to damage to the alveolar

BRONCHITIS AND BRONCHIOLITIS

BRONCHIOLITIS

are usually accompanied by hyperemia of the mucosa and exudation of materials into the lumen

• (inflammatory cells, desquamated epithelial cells, bacteria, fibrin, etc.)

BRONCHIECTASIS

? - is is the most important here

• dilatation of one or more bronchi / bronchioles

• Bronchi/bronchioles are dilated and stretched out to a full circle

• With overdistention and overstretching over long periods of time, the smooth muscle in the wall of these bronchioles loses its tone and undergoes degeneration

• The inelasticity and failure to return to normal contacted state are due to small amounts of fibrous tissue in and around the bronchial wall

Anthracosis

◼ Deposition of inhaled carbon in the lungs

◼ Most common exogenous lung pigmentation especially on animals that are raised in urban areas with numerous vehicles passing. Inhalation of the animal and as time passes

Lung hyperemia/ acute bronchopneumonia

◼ Result in active vasodilation

Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

disease of the lung caused by accumulation of very fine silica or quartz dust. Usually occurring among miners. A form of lung pigmentation

Pulmonary Congestion

◼ be due to left sided heart failure, congenital heart defect

◼ Fluid and electrolytes escape into the alveolar space causing edema and intra alveolar hemorrhages

◼ Heart failure cells are present

Ruptured Pulmonary Aneurysm

Epistaxis

Develops when a massive pulmonary abscess erodes a major pulmonary vessel

pathologic dilatation of the blood vessel

Your airway is normally accompanied by blood vessels so if you have major abscess of the blood vessel and if blood vessel is destroyed. The blood will readily enter into the associated airway causing ?

Pulmonary hemorrhage

is a serious condition where bleeding occurs in the lungs, affecting the pulmonary alveoli, trachea, and upper respiratory tract

Causes include CHF, Trauma, Coagulopathies, DIC, Lung embolisms, Aneurysms, Parasites

DIC - disseminated intravascular coagulation

in which your thrombocytes and other factors are being used up by aneurysm, parasites. All of them would cause hemorrhage in the lung tissue

Pulmonary edema

1. Increasing vascular permeability is a result from (di ko narinig)

2. Increase in hydrostatic pressure

3. Lymphatic obstruction

Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

Non-cardiogenic Edema

◼ Often the terminal cause of death

◼ Char. by accumulation of fluid in interstitium and alveoli

◼ Causes include inc. in vascular permeability, inc. in hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic obstruction

◼ Subdivided into cardiogenic and non cardiogenic edema

3 Causes

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

? - caused by congestive heart failure. Particularly at the left side, where failure of left ventricle to Aorta will increase hydrostatic pressure as blood accumulates at the left atrium that will go to the pulmonary vein once full will go to the Lungs

? - usually results from increase vascular permeability resulting from inflammation. Blood with leak out into the interstitium then to the alveoli resulting in pulmonary edema. Lymphatic obstruction falls under this category because it does not involve failure of the heart function

PULMONARY EDEMA

the lungs will not collapse because we know that the thoracic cavity has negative pressure and the negative pressure will prevent lung collapse. The presence of fluid in the alveoli increases the lung's weight and stiffness, which prevent the elastic recall of the lungs

There is froth formation because there is fluid inside of the respiratory system most of the time it would contain protein. When this fluid that contains protein mix with air (from inhalation) after vigorous inspiratory movement, it will create froth (abnormal)

Interlobular septae appears distended - these are deeper lobules, these spaces are usually occupied by connective tissue however they are now occupied by fluid. Such accumulation will make it appear distended.

If you cut it open, gelatinous fluid may leak out

If you happen to open that thoracic cavity of an animal with pulmonary edema, the lungs will collapse or not?

PULMONARY EDEMA

Cardiogenic

Non-cardiogenic

Histologically,

• Alveolar spaces are filled with eosinophilic fluid

• Impairs pulmonary defense mechanism

• Cardiogenic vs non cardiogenic edema

You can determine if the type of pulmonary edema when looking at a slide is cardiogenic or not

? - the lung in the slide appear less eosinophilic because only fluid will be leaked out, less amount of protein

? - caused by inc. vascular permeability which means more protein will be leaked out causing it to appear more eosinophilic and pinkish

ATELECTASIS

Type 2 Pneumocytes

Meconium Aspiration

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

White

Dark

Obstructive Atelectasis

◼ A shrunken airless state of alveoli

◼ Can be congenital or acquired

Surfactant is produce by ? Insufficient surfactant production either caused by young age of an animal or a defect in the surfactant production

? - this meconium is the dark green sticky substance that forms the first species of a newborn infant composed of materials ingested during the time the infant spends in the uterus, usually suspended in allantoic fluid. The animal may take in meconium during or before birth which becomes blockage to the alveoli causing the alveoli to remain collapse

Congenital (primary)

? may give a valve effect which means one air may escape but it cannot enter. With such meconium present within the airway, the airway cannot be aerated or inflated

Grossly the lung has white areas and dark areas:

? areas represent the inflated

? areas represent depleted. They would normally contain the meconium that act as a plug

Acquired (secondary)

◼ ? - this may result from chronic lung inflammation which leads to reduction of diameter of the airways. In other cases during inflammation with exudate formation, that exudate may act as a plug

Obstructive Atelectasis appear depressed relative to the normal lung tissue When inflamed the tissue is raised above compared to the normal lung tissue

Grossly Obstructive Atelectasis vs Pneumonia?

Compressive atelectasis

Hydrothorax

Chylothorax

Pyothorax

Pneumothorax

Results from space occupying masses in the thorax such as large abscess, tumors, hydrothorax, chylothorax and pyothorax

? - water with transudate from that thoracic cavity

?- presence of lymph

?- presence of pus in the thoracic cavity

? - presence of air in the thorax. This will collapse the lungs because the negative pressure disappears

Emphysema

Types

• Alveolar

• Interstitial

• Bullous

Alveolar Emphysema

Interstitial Emphysema

Bullous Emphysema

Abnormal, permanent enlargement of alveoli with destruction of walls

Sometimes confused with hyperinflation which is caused by deep breath and it is temporary

Most of the time, secondary. Example obstruction of outflow of air in the lungs. Opposite of meconium syndrome, the transudate for Emphysema prevents air escape while allow entry

Lung texture is crepitous - overdistention of alveoli due to air can’t get out as fast as it get in

Types:

? - overdistension of the second alveoli that compressed the first alveoli, air cannot pass out as fast as it gets in. Common in pigs

? - not common among bovine species. Distension of the interlobular septa

? - focal accumulation of gas or pockets of air in the lung tissue. This results from rupture of certain pulmonary tissue.

Pneumonia

inflammation of the lungs

1. Congestion

Stages of Pneumonia

1. ?- involves congestion hyperemia and edema of the lung tissues from around 2 minutes if the irritant has been removed usually depends on the agent and how effective the agent may cause the lession. Capillaries are filled with blood and the alveoli are filled with serous fluid

2. Red Hepatization

Stages of Pneumonia

2. ? - the lung will have a consistency of the liver or degree of firmness. The real appearance is caused by ? Into the alveoli. Feeling of alveolar with exudate commonly observed in cases of infection that cause pneumonia. Appearance of RBCs, lymphocytes, large mononuclear cells (for viral infection), polymorphonuclear cells (for bacterial). Reach Within 2 days after initial result from irritant or agent If you cut the lung and put it in water, the lung tissue will sink

3. Gray Hepatization

Stages of Pneumonia

3. ? - RBCs lessened in number. Remained hepatisized. More WBCs and Fibrin. Not actually color gray but it is less red

4. Resolution/Death

Stages of Pneumonia

4. ? - in favorable cases, this may resolve in one week. Cells and fibrin will be removed by neutrophils.

If pneumonia is caused by virus, the texture is different compared to pneumonia caused by bacteria

Viral pneumonia tends to be serous in nature and the cells involved will be the mononuclear type like the lymphocytes

Bacterial pneumonia tend to be fibrinous

SUPPURATIVE BRONCHOPNEUMONIA

CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMONIA

? - cranioventral because the pneumonia exist via aerogenous route or inhalation of the agent. The agent must enter the nose to that trachea to the bronchus then bronchiole. This will produce exudate that will settle at the ventral site due to gravity. Mycoplasma organisms most common cause

◼ Cranioventral consolidation

◼ Firm texture, color ranges from red to gray

◼ Purulent exudates on cut surface

◼ Causes include mycoplasma and bacteria

◼ Goblet cell metaplasia / hyperplasia results in exudations

◼ Chemotactic factors released on mucosal surfaces of bronchi, broncioles and alveoli

GOBLET CELL METAPLASIA

SUPPURATIVE BRONCHOPNEUMONIA

There is no goblet cell in the bronchiole but the cells will turn into goblet cell to secrete mucus. They tend to be chemotactic means they attract polymorponuclear cells that will result in pus formation and tend to concentrate on the periphery

In chronic cases, they may tend to damage the mucosa and the muscles surrounding the epithelium which may lead to Bronchiectasis (overdistension of the bronchi and bronchioles)

FIBRINOUS BRONCHOPNEUMONIA

CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMONIA

? - Caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Tend to be concentrated on the dorsal caudal part

Severe inflammation increase pore size that fibrinogen may leak into the lungs

OFTEN HAS A MOSAIC APPEARANCE Because of the toxins involved this may cause lung tissue necrosis which makes it hemorrhagic

You also may notice that the lungs are attached to the rib cage which are actually not lung tissue but fibrin

LOSS OF AIR SPACES Fibrin is chemotactic to white blood cells so in severe inflammation with fibrin expect more white blood cells

◼ Cranioventral / dorsocaudal location

◼ Hard texture, red to gray in color

◼ Fibrin and necrosis on cut surface; fibrosis on chronic cases

◼ Bacterial toxins are causes

◼ Often has a mosaic appearance due to distention of interlobular septa

◼ Adhesions are common

◼ Loss of air spaces due to exudation of fibrin and to a lesser extent WBC

1. Normal

2. Suppurative Bronchopneumonia

3. Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia

4. Interstitial Pneumonia

5. Embolic Pneumonia

6. Granulomatous Pneumonia

6 CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMONIA

Interstitial Pneumonia

◼ Diffuse distribution

◼ Elastic texture

◼ Meaty on cut surface

◼ Rib imprints may be present

◼ Viruses, toxins, sepsis and allergic causes

Common in influenza virus infection, canine ?, porcine respiratory reproductive syndrome

◼ Distention of interlobular septa

◼ Histologically, thickening of alveolar walls due to increased cellularity of alveolar epithelium or fibrosis of epithelium in chronic cases

EMBOLIC PNEUMONIA

• Rupture of hepatic abscess

• Vegetative endocarditis

• Jugular thrombosis

• Embolic foreign body

◼ Random distribution

◼ Texture is nodular

◼ Causes

• ?

• ?

• ?

• ?

Depending on the emboli, there are certain infectious agents involved so that may result in neutrophilic infiltration. In chronic cases it is encapsulated by fibrous tissues

Granulomatous Pneumonia

Mycobacteria

Systemic mycosis

Parasitic ova

◼ Multifocal distribution

◼ Nodular texture

◼ Granulomas present on cut surface

◼ Etiology

• ?

• ?

• ?

All of these agents mentioned in the etiology are capable of causing chronic condition. Granuloma itself is a Type 4 Sensitivity reaction

◼ Focal coalescing granulomas

◼ Caseous necrosis and calcification

◼ Histologically, granulomas are formed by necrotic center surrounded by macrophages and external band of thick connective tissue