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organismal ecology
individual interactions with environment
population ecology
factors regulating population growth rates and population size
community ecology
interactions among different species in an area
ecosystem
interactions between communities and their environments
Why does it get colder further from the equator?
Higher latitudes cause the rays to hit the earth at a lower angle causing less energy causing less heat
Hadley Cell
a large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes, typically about 30° north or south.
Corolis effect
in northern hemisphere, apparent deflection to the right; in southern hemisphere, apparent deflection to the left
Why do we have seasons?
The tilt of the Earth's axis
equator
0 degrees latitude
arctic circle
66 N southernmost latitude in the N. Hemisphere at which sun can remain above or below the horizon for 24 hours (at June & December solstices, respectively)
Anarctic Circle
66 S northernmost latitude in the S. Hemisphere at which sun can remain above or below the horizon for 24 hours (at December & June solstices, respectively)
Tropic of Cancer
23 N most northern latitude at which sun can be directly overhead (on June solstice, when N. Hemisphere is maximally tilted toward Sun)
Tropic of Capricorn
23 S most southern latitude at which sun can be directly overhead (on December solstice, when S. Hemisphere is maximally tilted toward Sun)
rain shadow
a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side
Biomes
major life zones characterized by vegetation type or physical environment
mark and recapture
capturing and marking organisms, then recapturing them and counting how many are marked
c/N = rc/n
per capita growth rate
r = b - d
life history
Traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival.
survivorship curve
Graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.
Fecundity Curves
age v fertility rate
life table
age-specific summary of survival & reproduction patterns in a population
rmax
maximum per capita growth rate of population
(max births, min deaths)
density dependent
Growth rate depends on N
carrying capacity (K)
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
exponential growth
when N=0, ((K/N)/K)=1
dn/dt = rmaxN
logistic growth
dn/dt = rmaxN((K/N)/K)
r decreases and N increases
12,000 years ago
hunting, gathering
5 million humans
10,000-8,000- 1650 A.D.
agriculture
settled lifestyle is promoted more
more births; less deaths
1650-present
major technical advances
major increase in birth; major decrease in deaths
N has significantly increased (exponential)
World Population
7.9 billion
recent average doubling time
50 years
recent average time to add a billion people
10 years
projected growth slowing
8 billion ~ 2023
9 billion ~ 2037
10 billion ~ 2055
population momentum
The propensity for a growing population to continue growing even through fertility is declining because of their young age distribution
demographic transition
Industrialization
more births; less deaths
ecological footprint
land and water area needed to produce resources and absorb waste
growth rate (r) has decreased in 50 years but...
r is still > 0
population momentum
ongoing demographic transitions
=> all lead to N still increasing
Note 
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