Biology Exam Review

Flashcards for reviewing key biology concepts, focusing on membrane transport, respiration, photosynthesis, and thermodynamics.

U-Tube Osmosis

Side A is hypertonic to side B due to a higher concentration of sucrose, which the membrane is impermeable to.

Active Transport

Movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid.

Pinocytosis vs. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Pinocytosis is nonselective bringing molecules into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis offers more selectivity.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

NAD+ Reduction

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.

Potential Energy

A molecule of glucose.

Anabolic Pathways

They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Each chemical reaction in an organism must increase the total entropy of the universe.

Active Site of an Enzyme

It catalyzes the reaction associated with the enzyme.

Overcoming Inhibition

Competitive inhibition.

Asymmetrical Cell Membrane

The two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions.

Carrier Protein

It exhibits specificity for a particular type of molecule.

Diffusion

It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Oxygen in Cellular Respiration

Accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

Pyruvate Catabolism Products

Acetyl CoA, NADH, and CO2.

Electron Transport Chain

It consists of a series of redox reactions.

Chemiosmosis Energy Source

Energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient.

Oxygen in Photosynthesis

Splitting water molecules.

Absorption vs. Action Spectrum

Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a.

Chlorophyll Energy Absorption

An electron is excited.

Linear Electron Flow Products

ATP and NADPH.

Completing the Calvin Cycle

Regeneration of RuBP.

Reducing Power for Calvin Cycle

NADPH.