Bioethics Exam 3

admissions and policy committee

take burden of selecting patients away from physicians; made up of community members to choose dialysis patients based on criteria

social worth criteria

criteria used to choose patients for dialysis

rule of rescue

giving scarce medical resources to an identified patient rather than to equally deserving anonymous indviduals

end renal stage disease act

everyone who needs dialysis gets it and the government pays

united network for organ sharing

UNOS; established to make sure that organs ar enot hoardedor wasted

euthanasia

directly or indirectly bringing about the death of another person for that person’s sake

active authanasia

performing an action that directly causes someone todie; “mercy killing”

passive euthanasia

allowing someone to die by not doing something that would prolong life

voluntary euthanasia

euthanasia perfomred when competent patients voluntarily request or agree to it; by proxy or advanced directive

non-voluntary euthanasia

euthanasia performed when patients are not competent to choose it for themselves and have not previously disclosed their preferences

involuntary euthanasia

bringing about someone’s death against her will or without asking for her consent although they are competent to decide

active voluntary

directly causing the death with the consent of the competent patient

active nonvoluntary

directly causing death without consent of the incompetent patient

passive voluntary

withholding or withdrawing life sustianing measures with the consent of the patient

passive nonvoluntary

withholding of withdrawing life-sustaining without the consent of the patient

passive PAS

doctor prescribes lethal dose of medication and the patient either takes it or injects it themselves

active PAS

doctor is directly involved in administering the final dose

physician assisted suicide

a patient takes their own life with the aid of a physician

preference utilitarians

killing is bas when it prevents someone from statisfying their preferences; it’s good when more the person’s future preferences will be frustrated than satisfied

rule utilitarian

most slippery slope arguments for PAS; make the ruleright way and they can be for it

natural law

condemns active and passive euthanasia with some exceptions; unintended death is ok

kantian

suicide is prohibited; killing or letting die is prohibited; if their personhood is gone when higher level brain death occurs then euthanasia is acceptable

ethics of care

generally sees passive forms as merciful and therefore morally permissable; must be painless

zygote

0-30 hours; a single diploid cell formed by the union of egg and sperm

embryo

16 days - 8 weeks; a stage in which the primary germlayers differentiate into organs and organ systems; ends when all organ systems are present

fetus

8 - 38 weeks; a stage in which organs grow and mature at a cellular level to the point of being capable of supporting life independently of the mother

23-24 weeks

age of viability

abortion

ending of pregnancy

pregnancy

begins when embryo implants in the uterus

induced abortion

intentional termination of a pregnancy through drugs or surgery

spontaneous abortion

abortion resulting from natural causes such as birth defect or maternal injury; miscarriage

therapeutic abortion

abortion is performed to perserve the life or health of the mother

chemically induced

first trimester abortion methods; used up to 9 weeks pregnant

mifepristone

thins the lining of the uterus; prevents implantation

misoprostol

prostagladin that triggers uterus contraction

methotrexate combined with misoprostol

causes placental death and is banded in certain countries

suction cutterage

vaccum aspiration; during first 12 weeks; first trimester surgical options

dilation and cutterage

D&C; cervix dilated; curette used to scrape the uterus to ensure no residual tissue remains; can cause infection

second trimester abortions

most methods are surgical but may be combined with medications like misoprostol to soften the uterus

dilation and evacuation

D&E; cervix is dilated, vaccum suction and forceps used to remove the fetus; inspection of removed tissue to ensure the fetus was removed entirely; curette can be used to scrape too

third trimester abortions

generally the same procedures as with second trimester; however, there are legals restrictions on abortions in this trimester

intact dilation and extraction

D&X; partial birth abortion; use drugs to soften fetal bones; cord transection may occur; skull may need to be sectioned and suctioned after removal 

roe v wade

guaranteed right to personal privacy that limited interference by the state in people’s private lives; based on 14th amendment

conservative

never morally acceptable because the unborn is a human being in the full sense

liberal

always morally acceptable whenever the woman wants it; unborn is not a human being in the full sense

moderate

somewhere in between; sometimes case by case basis

fallacy of equivocation

the two are not the same; human being vs human being in moral and nonmoral facts

quickening

usually around 20 weeks; first time mother can feel fetus moving in womb

utilitarian

abortion morally permissble because women/society would suffer terrible consequences; giving birth is dangerous and disrupts life of mother; can also prevent suffering of a child

kantian

abortion; depends on whether or not fetus is considered a person or not; not a person = mother is exercising autonomy; individuals have a right to defend themselves including killing others if neccessary; therapeutic abortion

natural law

abortion; fetus is a person from conception; cannot terminate even for health of the mother; indirect killing is morally acceptable 

egg collection

ultrasound guided needle is inserted into the vagina and removes eggs from follicles

traditional IVF

involves placing the eggs in a perti dish and bething them with the sperm

intracytoplasmic sperm injection

assist insemination; needle can inject a single sperm into the egg

embryo implantation

2 or more blastocyts are implanted; remaining embryos are frozen

gamete intrafallopian transfer

GIFT; gametes are trasferred together to a fallopian tube to fertilize

zygote intrafallopian transfer

ZIFT; embryo is transferred not to the uterus bu to a fallopian tube

fetal reductions

reduce amount of implanted embryos to reduce complication with multiples; can cause miscarriage

surrogacy

use of another individual to produce a child

traditional surrogacy

sperm used to impregnate surrogate’s egg

gestational surrogacy

IVF used to transplant embryo into another woman

surrogacy agreements

legal document outlining parameters of parenthood

altruistic surrogacy

fetus carried by friend or family for no monetary compensation

commercial surrogacy

fetus carried by woman that is monetarily compensated

cloning

prodcution of genetically identical organisms

twinning

splittng the embryo at the 2-4 cell stage into two separate embryos 

reproductive cloning

adult cells produce indeitical offspring