SKIN GOING WRONG

Define basal cell carcinoma

Keratinocytes in the stratum basale; typically benign, rarely metastasizes, caused by uv light

Define squamous cell carcinoma

Keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum, rarely metastasizes, caused by uv light, open sore

Define melanoma

Cancer of melanocytes, often metastasizes, NOT dependent on uv light

How do we recognize melanoma

Asymmetry

Borders, cannot see edges

Color, uneven color

Diameter, bigger than pencil eraser

Evolve, changes

Define first degree burn

Damage only to the epidermis

Define a second degree burn

Damaged both the epidermis and dermis

Define third degree burn and additional effects

Damages the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis; prone to infection, dehydration; treatment - skin grafts

Define decubitus ulcer "bed sore/pressure sore" and how do you prevent them?

The epithelial tissue dies, revealing the connective tissue; risk of dehydration and infection; prevent by rotating every 2-3 hours

What are the steps to wound healing and scarring

1). the blood clots 2). macrophages enter the clot & clear debris 3). Fibroblasts enter and make collagen 4). Collagen regrows the dermis 5). Epidermis regrows

What does scar tissue lack?

Elastin

How does one get stretch marks?

When the skin stretches too quickly and the skin scars

How does one get wrinkles?

Collagen aligns along forces of stretch; lose elastin fibers as we age, cannot be replaced

What are treatments for wrinkles and what do they do?

Moisturizing cream, plumps the skin; Botox-paralyzes the muscles

Define liposuction

Removal of fatty tissue using a vacuum

What is psoriasis? And what is a cure?

An autoimmune disease where the body attacks keratinocytes; cure is immunosuppressant drugs, suppresses the immune system and stop it from fighting itself

What are the different variations of skin color?

Melanin - produced by melanocytes in the epidermis

Pheomelanin- a red pigment that is made in the epidermis (common in red hair, nipples, and lips)

Carotene- yellow pigment, produced in the Hypodermis

Hemoglobin- red pigment found in blood

Define arterial blood

Oxygenated, bright red, in arteries (high bp)

Define venus blood

Deoxygenated, dark red, in veins

What causes cyanosis?

Lack of oxygen in the blood, blue tint to skin

What are receptors?

Cells that detect stimuli located in the dermis, recognize touch, vibration, pressure, temperature, etc.

What creates the hair follicle? (TOP to BOTTOM)

Epidermis,

hair follicle,

dermil papilla (houses the bv),

hair bulb,

hair shaft,

arrecto-pili muscle (makes hair stand up),

sebaceous gland (releases sebum),

apocrine sweat gland (smelly)

Define sebaceous glands

Epidermal glands that produce and oily secretion called sebum, has an acidic pH which protects from infection

Define merocrine sweat glands

Watery sweat, temperature control, released by pores

Define apocrine sweat glands

Releases protein-rich sweat, located in the axilla, areola, and pubic region; main function is to release pheromones

What are the functions of pheromones?

Regulates the menstrual cycle, baby bonds to the mother, releases chemical scents, leading to sexual attraction

Define mammary glands

Modified apocrine glands, produces a protein rich substance which is milk

Define ceremonious gland

Lubricates the skin, keeps insects out of the ears