Define basal cell carcinoma
Keratinocytes in the stratum basale; typically benign, rarely metastasizes, caused by uv light
Define squamous cell carcinoma
Keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum, rarely metastasizes, caused by uv light, open sore
Define melanoma
Cancer of melanocytes, often metastasizes, NOT dependent on uv light
How do we recognize melanoma
Asymmetry
Borders, cannot see edges
Color, uneven color
Diameter, bigger than pencil eraser
Evolve, changes
Define first degree burn
Damage only to the epidermis
Define a second degree burn
Damaged both the epidermis and dermis
Define third degree burn and additional effects
Damages the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis; prone to infection, dehydration; treatment - skin grafts
Define decubitus ulcer "bed sore/pressure sore" and how do you prevent them?
The epithelial tissue dies, revealing the connective tissue; risk of dehydration and infection; prevent by rotating every 2-3 hours
What are the steps to wound healing and scarring
1). the blood clots 2). macrophages enter the clot & clear debris 3). Fibroblasts enter and make collagen 4). Collagen regrows the dermis 5). Epidermis regrows
What does scar tissue lack?
Elastin
How does one get stretch marks?
When the skin stretches too quickly and the skin scars
How does one get wrinkles?
Collagen aligns along forces of stretch; lose elastin fibers as we age, cannot be replaced
What are treatments for wrinkles and what do they do?
Moisturizing cream, plumps the skin; Botox-paralyzes the muscles
Define liposuction
Removal of fatty tissue using a vacuum
What is psoriasis? And what is a cure?
An autoimmune disease where the body attacks keratinocytes; cure is immunosuppressant drugs, suppresses the immune system and stop it from fighting itself
What are the different variations of skin color?
Melanin - produced by melanocytes in the epidermis
Pheomelanin- a red pigment that is made in the epidermis (common in red hair, nipples, and lips)
Carotene- yellow pigment, produced in the Hypodermis
Hemoglobin- red pigment found in blood
Define arterial blood
Oxygenated, bright red, in arteries (high bp)
Define venus blood
Deoxygenated, dark red, in veins
What causes cyanosis?
Lack of oxygen in the blood, blue tint to skin
What are receptors?
Cells that detect stimuli located in the dermis, recognize touch, vibration, pressure, temperature, etc.
What creates the hair follicle? (TOP to BOTTOM)
Epidermis,
hair follicle,
dermil papilla (houses the bv),
hair bulb,
hair shaft,
arrecto-pili muscle (makes hair stand up),
sebaceous gland (releases sebum),
apocrine sweat gland (smelly)
Define sebaceous glands
Epidermal glands that produce and oily secretion called sebum, has an acidic pH which protects from infection
Define merocrine sweat glands
Watery sweat, temperature control, released by pores
Define apocrine sweat glands
Releases protein-rich sweat, located in the axilla, areola, and pubic region; main function is to release pheromones
What are the functions of pheromones?
Regulates the menstrual cycle, baby bonds to the mother, releases chemical scents, leading to sexual attraction
Define mammary glands
Modified apocrine glands, produces a protein rich substance which is milk
Define ceremonious gland
Lubricates the skin, keeps insects out of the ears